Parasha: Vaetchanan · Aliyah: Sixth (Yesod)

שמע ישראל ה׳ אלוקינו ה׳ אחד. "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our G'd, The Lord is One." Why did the Torah repeat itself instead of writing ה׳ אלקינו אחד, "the Lord our G'd is One?" The reason is that the Torah [or rather Israel in its declaration of faith, Ed.] referred to two aspects of G'd. 1) He is our G'd; 2) He is One, i.e. unique. This means that we accept G'd as our exclusive G'd even assuming there were more than one G'd in the world. We accept Him as the Tetragram with all that this implies regarding His various attributes. Furthermore, we express our conviction that He is indeed the only G'd, there is no other independent power in the universe. This by itself would be sufficient reason to serve Him even if He did not represent all the virtues we ascribe to Him.

In other words, the thrust of this declaration of our accepting the rule of Heaven is that either of the two aspects of G'd, i.e. אלוקינו or אחד is sufficient by itself to establish our relationship with Him. If the Torah had not phrased our declaration of accepting His rule by repeating the word י־ה־ו־ה but had written ה׳ אלוקינו אחד, the implication would have been that the reason we accept G'd is that there is no alternative to Him, He being the only One. In such an event one cannot claim credit for serving the one and only master. By expressing this declaration in the manner recorded in the Torah, Israel makes plain that our acceptance of Him is not one that is due to a lack of choice. We have additional reasons for accepting Him, over and above the fact that He is indeed the only Master.

ואהבת את ה׳ אלוקיך, "And you shall love the Lord your G'd, etc." The conjunctive letter ו means that not only is there a commandment to accept the authority of the Kingdom of G'd but there is an additional commandment to love G'd. The sequence of the verses also teaches that we must not make the mistake of believing that love of G'd is possible without an initial dose of fear of the Lord. The Zohar volume three page 56 spells this out. The letter ו then means that after we have achieved a degree of fear of the Lord we will be able to develop love for Him. The reason the Torah uses the word את which implies joining something, is to teach us that the means to develop דבקות ה׳, an affinity for G'd, is by loving G'd in addition to fearing Him.

Moreover, once we love G'd we can achieve the level of closeness to G'd which enables Him to be מיחד שמו עלינו, to freely associate His name with us, such as when G'd described Himself to Jacob in Genesis 28,13 as "the G'd of Abraham and the G'd of Isaac". Or, you find that the prophet Isaiah 41,9 quotes G'd as describing Israel as "the seed of Abraham who loved Me." Our verse hints that anyone who is beloved of G'd will experience that He associates His name with such a person. The word י־ה־ו־ה in our verse therefore is to be read both as referring to what precedes it as well as to what follows it.

This verse is also designed to encourage the heart of the Israelite to love G'd, similar to what we have been taught by Yalkut Shimoni at the end of Parshat Noach where the author explains the verse ישב תהלות ישראל (Psalms 22,4) that the only one of all the praises offered to Him, He chose only the ones offered by Israel. Only after Israel had offered this form of praise did G'd assume His seat on His throne in the celestial regions. This is alluded to by the words ואהבת את ה׳ אלוקיך, as long as G'd has not become "your G'd," He is not prepared to reign as G'd at all. When a Jew is conscious of this he is bound to develop feelings of love for G'd.

Perhaps our verse intends to arouse in us three distinct kinds of love for G'd which G'd's creatures are familiar with. They are: 1) Loving Him for His goodness (spiritually speaking); 2) Loving Him for the pleasant sensation this affords us; 3) Loving Him because He is so useful to us. The words ואהבת את השם speak of love for what is good, G'd Himself being described as "good" in Psalms 145,9 טוב ה׳ לכל. The mystical dimension of loving G'd for the pleasant sensations He affords us is referred to in Psalms 34,9: "taste and see how good the Lord is;" The Psalmist means that amongst all the pleasant sensations a creature may experience none is comparable to contemplation of the goodness of G'd and of His name. The proof for this is Song of Songs 5,6 נפשי יצאה בדברו, "my soul departed when He spoke." When the pious die a death which is totally painless, such as the death by a kiss of G'd experienced by Moses and Aaron, this is the most pleasant sensation imaginable. So far we have heard that the word י־ה־ו־ה alludes to both spiritual goodness and the most sublime sensation a creature is capable of experiencing at the hand of G'd. The love of the useful which G'd represents is alluded to in the word אלוקיך, as we have defined this already in connection with Psalms 22,4. We have learned in Shabbat 30 that the last words in Kohelet 12 כי זה כל האדם "for this is what man is all about" refer to the whole world being created only for the sake of man observing G'd's commandments on earth. Loving G'd and fulfilling His commandments then is love of a most useful kind.

בכל לבבך, ובכל נפשך, ובכל מאדך, "with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your material resources." Our sages in the Sifri offer their explanations on this verse and you are advised to read what they wrote. I believe that G'd wrote this verse in order to remove unworthy thoughts from the hearts of those who love G'd. We are taught in Moed Katan 28 that the following three phenomena (blessings) are not granted on the basis of merit: 1) children; 2) life itself (its length, or good health); 3) the quality of one's livelihood. All these three are subject to מזל, natural causes rather than to individual merit. [including genetical as well as horoscopic and environmental factors. Ed.] It is a fact that these are the very three phenomena (blessings) man is most concerned with in this life. If a person lacks even a single one of these three blessings he is considered as good as dead. Seeing that we are told that not one of these three blessings is attainable through one's piety and service of the Lord, this is apt to estrange a person from G'd rather than to make him love G'd. Such a feeling is likely to be reinforced if a person who serves the Lord sincerely finds himself deprived of two of these blessings, i.e. he has no children and no dependable livelihood. No matter how much he may wish to love G'd, his own heart will prevent him from doing so.

The Torah (our verse) therefore had to command such a person of the need to love G'd with his heart even if G'd, i.e. nature, deprived him of the three most cherished aspirations of every normal human being. The words בכל לבבך urge you to love G'd even though you have not been granted children. We find love and children mentioned in the same breath when G'd said to Abraham to offer "your son whom you love" in Genesis 22,2. This is the kind of love which permeates a person's heart and is the apex of all his desires. The words ובכל נפשך are intended to exhort you to love G'd even though you may lack good health. The words ובכל מאדך are a reference to your livelihood. You are commanded to love G'd even though you have to struggle economically. If G'd, i.e. nature, has not seen fit to provide you with even one of these three blessings which most of us consider essential to make life worth living and you still love G'd, you i.e. Israel, have demonstrated that you feel that your relationship to G'd is more important to you than having even ten children, etc., and that you consider G'd's "table" as superior to your table in this world as we have been taught in Avot 6,5 [slightly different version. The text there is: "for your table is higher than their table, i.e. the "table" of earthly rulers, Ed]. Similarly, the "life" which G'd grants you is superior to mere physical life or good health on this earth. Moreover, the righteous are called alive after they have experienced the death of their bodies. We have this on the authority of Berachot 18 quoting Samuel II 23,20 ובניהו בן איש חי, that Benayahu was the son of a "living" man, that the "dead" are called alive after their physical death.

We may also approach this verse from the following angle. The Torah is at pains to describe the extent to which a Jew has to love G'd. Love is measured by the way a person relates to achieving the three blessings we have mentioned. Supposing a person was about to die prematurely, was poor and had no children and a prophet were to come and to promise him that he would become perfectly healthy, that his wife was pregnant and would have a healthy child and that he was about to come into a great fortune. Such a person would suddenly be overcome with a tremendous amount of love for his Creator. His heart would overflow with feelings of love and gratitude for the G'd who has thus blessed him. G'd commands every Jew to love Him constantly as if he had just received the good news we have described in our parable. The words: "you shall love the Lord your G'd with all your heart" mean as if He had suddenly provided you with everything you had lacked in life so far. The Torah deliberately used the word בכל to correspond to our parable, i.e. that He granted you children, the most important of your aspirations. The words ובכל נפשך describe the degree of love you would have for G'd if He just announced that whereas you had expected to die you had been granted good health. The words ובכל מאדך describe your feelings of love for G'd if He had just announced that you had become wealthy after having been a pauper all your life.

When you consider man's love for G'd from an intellectual point of view, you will realise that it does not require all that much effort to want to cleave to one's Creator. In order to view the matter in its proper perspective let me illustrate the matter as follows: We will use a great man who is also blessed with great wealth as our example. This man decides to travel to a place far from home as he is aware of potential dangers which lurk in his home town and endanger both his wealth and his entire existence. This man decided to first convert all his belongings into a valuable gemstone worth millions. He sets out on his journey confident that in the place he selected as his destination both he and his assets will be perfectly safe. However, before he reaches this destination he runs out of food, is left penniless (seeing his wealth is tied up in a single jewel, useless at this point) and he is reduced to being a pauper. In spite of this, he does not lose hope as he is certain that in due course he will reach his destination with his wealth intact. The strategy for man suggested by our verse is similar to what we described in our parable. A man who has developed an affinity and love for his G'd has concentrated all his wealth in this relationship, despising all material benefits this world has to offer in favour of his relationship with G'd. The man in question has based his strategy on an awareness of potential dangers lurking in his hometown, i.e. the עולם הזה, life on this earth. He is so certain of arriving at his destination, i.e. עולם הבא with his spiritual wealth intact, that he does not mind at all that he has to experience some deprivations during his journey (through life on earth). He will find that his love for G'd is amply rewarded when he does arrive at his destination in the hereafter. He will find that the assets he accumulated in this world are worth more than children, good physical health and material wealth combined.

והיו הדברים האלה…על לבבך, "And these words…shall be upon your heart." In accordance with our commentary on the previous verse, we must view this verse as sort of a band-aid for a person who suffers from the dearth of one of the three basic values in this life described in Moed Katan 28. The Torah recommends that anyone who suffers from any of these three deprivations should take our commentary to heart. He should remember that these values (blessings) which he lacks are grossly overrated in the overall scheme of G'd's universe in which the life in the hereafter is the real objective.

Another lesson our verse wishes to teach the Israelite is that love is not something a person is able to force upon his will to carry out as he can subjugate his will to that of his king and carry out the king's orders. Love is something that is not subservient to willpower but to one's heart. As long as the heart itself does not feel an impulse which causes it to develop a liking for someone or something the owner (of this heart) cannot force it to respond to his urgings. In light of this our verse advises that if you keep all these afore-mentioned considerations "on your heart"-your heart will begin to develop a desire of a spiritual nature for affinity with G'd, and this will in turn develop into love for G'd. We ourselves, who are but spiritual orphans when compared to earlier generations, and who are certainly full of תאוה, burning desires for the sensual things in life, must develop a corresponding desire for closeness to G'd. It must surpass the intensity of our desire for transient values such as women, food, honour, etc.. Hail to us if we can develop such feelings.

Another idea conveyed by our verse may refer to the three levels of love described here. The Torah acknowledges that the heart loves certain basic phenomena of this world. It is in order to desire food inasmuch as food is what sustains us, keeps us alive. However, we are not to love food with all our heart. This kind of intense love is to be reserved for our feelings vis-a-vis G'd. This is what the Torah meant when it demanded that we "love G'd with all your heart." Similar considerations apply to our love for material wealth or our love for a woman we want to marry. The intensity of such love-relationships is to be subordinate to the love relationship we are to develop vis-a vis G'd. The Torah is also aware that it is relatively harder to deny one's love (lust) for a woman than one's love for food, for instance. Even the righteous Joseph succeeded only with great difficulty in suppressing his urge to consummate his desire for the wife of Potiphar. The Torah therefore demands that in order to properly love G'd we must develop at least as intense a desire for affinity with G'd as we would develop for the woman of our choice.

The words "love your G'd with all your heart" mean that one must endeavour to become as enthused about loving G'd as one is about loving a woman. It is assumed that the average man feels drawn to any woman, especially if the woman in question is pretty. The word "with all" refers to the more intense desire one displays for a beautiful woman. In one's relationship to G'd one must apply the yardstick one applies to the love for a pretty woman; one has only fulfilled the Torah's commandment if one can honestly say that one loves Him more intensely than any woman. Only one's personal experience can really tell one if one has met the Torah's requirements in this regard. There are no objective yardsticks by which to measure if one has fulfilled one's duty. The reason the Torah adds the words: "with all your soul," is that according to the psychology revealed by Bamidbar Rabbah 10,2, עין רואה ולב חומד, "the eye merely observes but the heart desires." The author of that statement means that the eye by itself does not generate feelings of desire unless prompted by the heart (based on Numbers 15,39). When the Torah writes בכל נפשך, it urges your basic soul (your physical life-force) to provide this impetus to your heart to love G'd. Just as this physical life-force prompts the heart to desire that which is essential for the body's survival such as food and drink, so your physical life-force should prompt your heart to love G'd. Love for G'd should become as natural a phenomenon as love for things which ensure one's physical survival in this world. Both the love for a woman and the love for food and drink, though natural and each intense in its own way, have certain drawbacks which on occasion even cause the owner pain. When one has indulged one's desire for a woman or for food or drink there comes a time when no desire is felt for either of these attractions. This is not the case, however, when one has indulged one's greed for money, and other worldly possessions. It is in the nature of man to be insatiable in this regard. The Torah writes that you should love G'd בכל מאדך, with all your material assets, i.e. just as your love for material possessions is insatiable so your love for G'd should be insatiable; you should never feel that you have come close enough to G'd, etc. Do not impose voluntary limits on your love-relationship with G'd. But, here too, different people relate with different degrees of intensity to the amassing of wealth, some can do without it altogether. The Torah therefore has to write the word בכל, "with all" to tell us that the yardstick we must apply to the degree of love we develop for G'd is not one that corresponds to our individual greed for material possessions. It is not measured by how much we have amassed but by how much we would like to amass. Moreover, it must be equal to the greed displayed for material possessions by someone who is insatiable in that respect.

וצדקה תהיה לנו, "and it will be a righteousness for us, etc." What is the meaning of the word צדקה in this context? Nachmanides explains that the word refers to the reward for מצוה-performance. Inasmuch as we are G'd's slaves we are not entitled to any reward at all. If, nonetheless, G'd grants us a reward for our observing His commandments this is in the nature of צדקה, charity, as we have no claim. I do not believe that this explanation answers our problem. Moreover, we also need to understand the meaning of the words לפני ה׳ כאשר צונו, "before the Lord as He commanded us."

I believe that we must understand our verse by remembering that there are two levels of serving G'd. One may serve the Lord out of fear or one may serve the Lord out of love. Every single creature, human or otherwise, is obligated to serve its master out of fear for its survival. Should it fail to do so, Maleachi 1,6 already quotes G'd as asking: "if I am to be served by you because you consider yourselves My slaves and I am your Master, where is the fear of Me?" This is also the meaning of Deut.10,12: "what does the Lord ask of you except to fear Him, etc?" The second level of serving G'd is service out of love for G'd. This is, of course, a great מצוה but it is not a requirement that man must love his Master. Legally speaking it suffices that the slave does not hate his Master. On the other hand, the master is obligated to look after the physical needs of the slave such as food, shelter, medical attention, etc., all in accordance with the master's resources. Moses writes "G'd has commanded us to fear Him," i.e. our obligation is to revere G'd whereas His obligation to us is לטוב לנו ולהחיותינו, "to ensure that we are well off and to keep us alive" in return for our discharging our obligation towards Him.

Moses added the words כהיום הזה, "as of this day," meaning that just as G'd is discharging His obligation towards us today, so He will continue to do so. Devarim Rabbah 7 describes that while the Israelites were in the desert their garments grew with them as required, the clouds performed ironing duties, etc. Concerning the group of people who served the Lord out of love the Torah writes וצדקה תהיה לנו "this is accounted as a charitable act for us" as we are not obligated to perform service of the Lord from love. The nature of this love is described in Chovot Halevavot chapter אהבת השם section one in these words: "Love of G'd is a longing of one's soul and its inclining towards the Creator; this is a tendency of one's own self to cleave to the supreme Light represented by the Lord our G'd."

The Torah writes: כאשר צונו "as He commanded us," to describe that the reason we relate to G'd out of love is not because we have any ulterior motives when we serve Him thus. We find the same idea in Psalms 40,9: "to do what pleases You, my G'd, is my desire." This is a description of someone who performs G'd's will out of pure love. Please read what I have written in Leviticus 18,2 on the verse כמעשה ארץ מצרים. In return for this kind of service of the Lord man is entitled to expect some reward even as a right. Although in truth we ought to pay a reward to G'd who has allowed us to taste the sweetness of His love for us, a pleasant sensation beyond compare, such people deserve the reward for the period they strove to perfect themselves before they came to the realisation that actually they owe G'd and not vice versa.

Another allusion contained in our verse is based on Tikkuney HaZohar 21 that by observing the commandments we will secure our share in His שכינה, also known as צדקה.