Parasha: Vayechi · Aliyah: Second (Gevurah)

Genesis 48:10–48:16
מ"ח:י׳ וְעֵינֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ כָּבְד֣וּ מִזֹּ֔קֶן לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִרְא֑וֹת וַיַּגֵּ֤שׁ אֹתָם֙ אֵלָ֔יו וַיִּשַּׁ֥ק לָהֶ֖ם וַיְחַבֵּ֥ק לָהֶֽם׃
48:10 Now Israel’s eyes were dim with age; he could not see. So [Joseph] brought them close to him, and he kissed them and embraced them.
48:10 Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not see. And he brought them near unto him; and he kissed them, and embraced them.
מ"ח:י׳ וְעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יְקָרָן מִסֵּיבוּ לָא יִכּוּל לְמֶחֱזֵי וְקָרִיב יָתְהוֹן לְוָתֵיהּ וְנַשִּׁיק לְהוֹן וְגַפִּיף לְהוֹן:
מ"ח:י׳ אור החיים
1וְעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה כְּתִיב הוֹדָעָה זוֹ בְּמָקוֹם זֶה, וּמַה קֶשֶׁר וְשַׁיָּכוּת לְדָבָר זֶה עִם הַסָּמוּךְ לוֹ ״וַיִּשַּׁק לָהֶם וַיְחַבֵּק לָהֶם״. עוֹד צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת אָמְרוֹ לָהֶם, שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר ״וַיִּשַּׁק אוֹתָם״. וְאוּלַי שֶׁשְּׁנֵי דִקְדּוּקִים אֵלּוּ כָּל אַחַת מְתָרֶצֶת חֲבֶרְתָּהּ, כִּי לְצַד שֶׁכָּבְדוּ עֵינָיו מִזּוֹקֶן הָיָה מְחַבֵּק שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹם הַחִבּוּק וּמְנַשֵּׁק שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹם הַנִּשּׁוּק, וְלָזֶה אָמַר ״לָהֶם״ וְלֹא אָמַר ״אוֹתָם״, וְהָבֵן:
ועיני ישראל כבדו מזקן, Israel's eyes were heavy with old age, etc. Why did the Torah choose this point to inform us of Jacob's failing eyesight? What does it have to do with his proceeding to embrace and kiss Joseph's children? Besides, why did the Torah have to describe these kisses as להם instead of אותם? Perhaps one of these details will help us understand the other detail. Jacob embraced the children in the wrong places and kissed them in the wrong places due to his failing eyesight. If that were true the expression להם instead of אותם is quite understandable.
מ"ח:י"א וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֔ף רְאֹ֥ה פָנֶ֖יךָ לֹ֣א פִלָּ֑לְתִּי וְהִנֵּ֨ה הֶרְאָ֥ה אֹתִ֛י אֱלֹהִ֖ים גַּ֥ם אֶת־זַרְעֶֽךָ׃
48:11 And Israel said to Joseph, “I never expected to see you again, and here God has let me see your children as well.”
48:11 And Israel said unto Joseph: ‘I had not thought to see thy face; and, lo, God hath let me see thy seed also.’
מ"ח:י"א וַאֲמַר יִשְׂרָאֵל לְיוֹסֵף לְמֶחֱזֵי אַפָּיךְ לָא סְבָרִית וְהָא אַחֲזִי יָתִי יְיָ אַף יָת בְּנָךְ:
מ"ח:י"ב וַיּוֹצֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֹתָ֖ם מֵעִ֣ם בִּרְכָּ֑יו וַיִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ לְאַפָּ֖יו אָֽרְצָה׃
48:12 Joseph then removed them from his knees, and bowed low with his face to the ground.
48:12 And Joseph brought them out from between his knees; and he fell down on his face to the earth.
מ"ח:י"ב וְאַפֵּיק יוֹסֵף יָתְהוֹן מִן קֳדָמוֹהִי וּסְגִיד עַל אַפּוֹהִי עַל אַרְעָא:
מ"ח:י"ג וַיִּקַּ֣ח יוֹסֵף֮ אֶת־שְׁנֵיהֶם֒ אֶת־אֶפְרַ֤יִם בִּֽימִינוֹ֙ מִשְּׂמֹ֣אל יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־מְנַשֶּׁ֥ה בִשְׂמֹאל֖וֹ מִימִ֣ין יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיַּגֵּ֖שׁ אֵלָֽיו׃
48:13 Joseph took the two of them, Ephraim with his right hand—to Israel’s left—and Manasseh with his left hand—to Israel’s right—and brought them close to him.
48:13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel’s left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel’s right hand, and brought them near unto him.
מ"ח:י"ג וּדְבַר יוֹסֵף יָת תַּרְוֵיהוֹן יָת אֶפְרַיִם בִּימִינֵיהּ מִסְּמָאלָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְיָת מְנַשֶּׁה בִסְּמָאלֵיהּ מִימִינָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְקָרֵיב לְוָתֵיהּ:
מ"ח:י"ד וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־יְמִינ֜וֹ וַיָּ֨שֶׁת עַל־רֹ֤אשׁ אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ וְה֣וּא הַצָּעִ֔יר וְאֶת־שְׂמֹאל֖וֹ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה שִׂכֵּל֙ אֶת־יָדָ֔יו כִּ֥י מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה הַבְּכֽוֹר׃
48:14 But Israel stretched out his right hand and laid it on Ephraim’s head, though he was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh’s head—thus crossing his hands—although Manasseh was the first-born.
48:14 And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim’s head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh’s head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the first-born.
מ"ח:י"ד וְאוֹשִׁיט יִשְׂרָאֵל יָת יְמִינֵיהּ וְשַׁוִּי עַל רֵישָׁא דְאֶפְרַיִם וְהוּא זְעֵירָא וְיָת סְמָאלֵיהּ עַל רֵישָׁא דִמְנַשֶּׁה אַחְכִּימִנּוּן לִידוֹהִי אֲרֵי מְנַשֶּׁה בּוּכְרָא:
מ"ח:י"ד אור החיים
1שִׂכֵּל אֶת יָדָיו כִּי וְגוֹ׳. אָמַר תֵּיבַת ״כִּי״ וְהוּא טַעַם לְהֵפֶךְ, יֵשׁ שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ ״כִּי מְנַשֶּׁה הַבְּכוֹר״ וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן וְגוֹ׳.
שכל את ידיו כי כי מנשה הבכור, he placed his hands deliberately, keeping in mind that Menashe was the firstborn. Many feel that the word כי may best be understood as "although."
2וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי הוּא לְפִי מַה שֶׁקָּדַם הַכָּתוּב לְהוֹדִיעַ כִּי עֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כָּבְדוּ מִזֹּקֶן, לֹא יוּכַל הַכֵּר מִי הוּא הַבְּכוֹר וּמִי הוּא הַצָּעִיר. לָזֶה כְּשֶׁרָצָה לְבָרֵךְ דָּן בְּדַעְתּוֹ כִּי הַמְסַדֵּר יְסַדְּרֵם בְּדֶרֶךְ מוּסָרִי לַעֲשׂוֹת הַבְּכוֹר לִימִינוֹ שֶׁל הַמְבָרֵךְ, וּבָזֶה יָדַע מְקוֹם כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶם וְעָשָׂה מַה שֶׁעָלָה עַל מַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ עֲשׂוֹת, וְזֶה הוּא שִׁעוּר הַכָּתוּב ״שִׂכֵּל אֶת יָדָיו״. וְאִם תֹּאמַר מִנַּיִן יָדַע וְהִכִּיר מְקוֹמוֹ שֶׁל כָּל אֶחָד? לָזֶה אָמַר ״כִּי מְנַשֶּׁה הַבְּכוֹר״, וּמִזֶּה יָדַע כִּי אוֹתוֹ יִהְיֶה לְיָמִין, וְלָזֶה שִׂכֵּל יָדָיו.
I think that we have to understand the verse in conjunction with the previous statement that Jacob's eyesight was failing. As a result he could not recognise which of the two grandchildren was the older one. When it came to the blessing he used his wits to compensate for his eyesight and reasoned that surely Joseph had placed the sons in such a position that the elder one would be blessed by his right hand and the younger one by his placing his left hand on him. He reversed his hands because he wanted to place his right hand on the head of the younger son Ephrayim.
מ"ח:ט"ו וַיְבָ֥רֶךְ אֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף וַיֹּאמַ֑ר הָֽאֱלֹהִ֡ים אֲשֶׁר֩ הִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ אֲבֹתַ֤י לְפָנָיו֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְיִצְחָ֔ק הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ הָרֹעֶ֣ה אֹתִ֔י מֵעוֹדִ֖י עַד־הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃
48:15 And he blessed Joseph, saying, “The God in whose ways my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked, The God who has been my shepherd from my birth to this day—
48:15 And he blessed Joseph, and said: ‘The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God who hath been my shepherd all my life long unto this day,
מ"ח:ט"ו וּבָרִיךְ יָת יוֹסֵף וַאֲמָר יְיָ דִּי פְלָחוּ אֲבָהָתַי קֳדָמוֹהִי אַבְרָהָם וְיִצְחָק יְיָ דְּזַן יָתִי מִדְּאִיתָנִי עַד יוֹמָא הָדֵין:
מ"ח:ט"ו אור החיים
1וַיְבָרֶךְ אֶת יוֹסֵף. לֹא רָאִינוּ בְּרָכָה לְיוֹסֵף כָּאן. וְרַמְבַּ״ן פֵּרֵשׁ כִּי בִּרְכַּת הַבָּנִים הִיא בִּרְכַּת יוֹסֵף וְכוּ׳. וְאֵין הַדַּעַת נוֹחָה בָּזֶה, כִּי לָמָּה לֹא יִתְבָּרֵךְ יוֹסֵף עַצְמוֹ בִּדְבָרִים הַנּוֹגְעִים אֵלָיו בִּפְרָטוּת. וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי כִּי בְּתֵבַת ״וַיְבָרֶךְ״ רָשַׁם הַכָּתוּב כִּי בֵּרֵךְ לְיוֹסֵף שֶׁיִּהְיֶה תָּמִיד מְבֹרָךְ.
ויברך את יוסף, He blessed Joseph. We do not find a blessing addressed to Joseph here. Nachmanides says that by blessing Joseph's sons Jacob actually blessed Joseph. This does not really appeal to me as it does not explain why Jacob did not say some words which would apply to Joseph individually. I believe that the very word ויברך was Jacob's way of telling Joseph that he would remain blessed henceforth.
2עוֹד יִתְבָּאֵר עַל פִּי דִּבְרֵיהֶם שֶׁאָמְרוּ (בראשית רבה לט:יא) שֶׁמַּפְתֵּחַ הַבְּרָכוֹת הָיָה בְּיַד אַבְרָהָם וּמְסָרוֹ לְיִצְחָק, וְיִצְחָק מְסָרוֹ לְיַעֲקֹב (בראשית רבה סא), וְיַעֲקֹב מְסָרוֹ לְיוֹסֵף, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיְבָרֶךְ וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ, מָסַר בְּיָדוֹ מַפְתֵּחַ הַבְּרָכוֹת.
The wording may also be explained in terms of Bereshit Rabbah 39,11 that Abraham received the keys to blessings. Isaac received those keys after Abraham had died and he handed them to Jacob before he sent the latter to get himself a wife. At this point Jacob bequeathed these keys to his son Joseph. This is the meaning of the words ויברך את יוסף.
3וַיֹּאמֶר הָאֱלֹהִים וְגוֹ׳. הִתְחִיל לְעוֹרֵר הָאַהֲבָה שֶׁל הַקַּדְמוֹנִים כְּסֵדֶר תְּפִלַּת שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה שֶׁמִּתְפַּלְּלִין, שֶׁמַּתְחִילִין בְּזִכְרוֹן אָבוֹת, וְאָמַר ״הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר וְגוֹ׳ אַבְרָהָם וְיִצְחָק״, וְהִזְכִּיר גַּם כֵּן זְכוּתוֹ בְּהַצְנֵעַ וְאָמַר ״הָאֱלֹהִים הָרוֹעֶה אוֹתִי״, וְכָאן רָמַז זְכוּתוֹ עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ, כִּי הוּא יַעֲקֹב הָיָה מִתְהַלֵּךְ לִרְצוֹנוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ כְּשֶׂה לִפְנֵי רוֹעֶה הָרוֹעֶה אוֹתָהּ, וְאַחַר שֶׁסִּדֵּר זְכוּת אָבוֹת הִתְחִיל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל ״הַמַּלְאָךְ״ וְגוֹ׳.
ויאמר האלוקים אשר התהלכו אבותי לפניו, He said: "the G'd before Whom my forefathers walked, etc." Jacob recited the virtues of his forefathers before commencing his blessing much as we do when we commence the central prayer the עמידה, where we first introduce ourselves to G'd as descendants of worthy people. Jacob did not spell out the specific merits of his fathers, but when he spoke about himself he added that his own conduct had been similar to that of the sheep which walks in front of the shepherd who looks after it. Only after this introduction did Jacob commence his blessing with the words: המלאך הגואל.
מ"ח:ט"ז הַמַּלְאָךְ֩ הַגֹּאֵ֨ל אֹתִ֜י מִכָּל־רָ֗ע יְבָרֵךְ֮ אֶת־הַנְּעָרִים֒ וְיִקָּרֵ֤א בָהֶם֙ שְׁמִ֔י וְשֵׁ֥ם אֲבֹתַ֖י אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְיִצְחָ֑ק וְיִדְגּ֥וּ לָרֹ֖ב בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ׃
48:16 The Angel who has redeemed me from all harm— Bless the lads. In them may my name be recalled, And the names of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, And may they be teeming multitudes upon the earth.”
48:16 the angel who hath redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.’
מ"ח:ט"ז מַלְאָכָא דִּי פְרַק יָתִי מִכָּל בִּישָׁא יְבָרֵךְ יָת עוּלֵימַיָּא וְיִתְקְרֵי בְהוֹן שְׁמִי וְשׁוּם אֲבָהָתַי אַבְרָהָם וְיִצְחָק וּכְנוּנֵי יַמָּא יִסְגּוּן בְּגוֹ בְנֵי אֱנָשָׁא עַל אַרְעָא:
מ"ח:ט"ז אור החיים
1הַמַּלְאָךְ הַגּוֹאֵל וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ, מַאֲמַר ה׳ אֲשֶׁר יְצַו ה׳ אֶת יְדִידָיו אֵלָיו יִקָּרֵא שֵׁם מַלְאָךְ, כִּי קוֹל ה׳ חוֹצֵב לַהֲבוֹת אֵשׁ (תהלים כט:ז). וְהוּא כַּוָּנָתוֹ בְּאָמְרוֹ ״הַמַּלְאָךְ״ וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מֵימְרָא דַּה׳ בְּסַעֲדָם וִיבָרֵךְ אוֹתָם.
המלאך הגואל אותי, "The angel who redeems me, etc." Jacob referred to any word of G'd which He issues to or on behalf of those those who love Him as מלאך. This is analogous to Psalms 29,7: "The voice of G'd kindles flames of fire." Jacob expressed the hope that G'd's word would always come to the assistance of Joseph's sons and bless them.
2וְיִקָּרֵא בָהֶם שְׁמִי וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בְּהַדְרָגַת שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאֵין אָדָם בָּעוֹלָם יָכוֹל לְנַתֵּק אוֹ לְקַלְקֵל בְּאֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בְּכוּלָּן יַחַד, כְּמוֹ כֵן הֵם.
ויקרא בהם שמי, "and may my name be called upon them, etc." Jacob wished that Joseph's sons should reflect the spiritual level of the patriarchs. While it is quite impossible for any Jew to completely sever the connection with all three of the patriarchs, Jacob blessed Ephrayim and Menashe in that they would never fail to reflect the spiritual values of even one of the patriarchs.
3עוֹד יִרְצֶה לְשׁוֹן יְקָר וּגְדֻלָּה, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ בְּאֶמְצָעוּתָם יְקָר לְשֵׁם אָבוֹת, וְהוּא עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (משלי כ״ג:כ״ד) ״גִּיל יָגִיל אֲבִי צַדִּיק״, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי י״ז:ו׳) ״עֲטֶרֶת זְקֵנִים בְּנֵי בָנִים״, וְזֶה יִהְיֶה בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הֲכָנָתָם הַהֲגוּנָה וְדַרְכָּם הַיָּשָׁר עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ יְקָר לַאֲבוֹת אֲבוֹתָם:
Jacob may also have expressed the hope that the reputations of the patriarchs would be enhanced by the conduct of Joseph's sons in the future. We find such an idea in Proverbs 23,24: "the father of the righteous will rejoice greatly;" we also have a similar statement in Proverbs 17,6: "Grandchildren are the crown of their elders." All of this is predicated on the grandchildren following in the footsteps of their illustrious forebears.
4עוֹד יִרְמוֹז כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם חִבּוּב הַזְכָּרַת שְׁמָם לִפְנֵי ה׳ כְּחִבּוּב הַזְכָּרַת שֵׁם אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב. וּכְמוֹ כֵן תִּמְצָא שֶׁאָמַר הַנָּבִיא (ירמיהו ל״א:כ׳) ״הֲבֵן יַקִּיר לִי אֶפְרַיִם וְגוֹ׳ כִּי מִדֵּי דַבְּרִי בּוֹ״ וְגוֹ׳, הֲרֵי כִּי שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל אֶפְרַיִם נִתְיַקֵּר בְּעֵינֵי ה׳ וּמַזְכִּירוֹ בְּחֵשֶׁק וְחִבָּה יְתֵרָה:
Jacob also hinted that mentioning the names of Ephrayim and Menashe would have as positive an effect in the ears of G'd as has mentioning the names of the patriarchs themselves. This sentiment is expressed in Jeremiah 31,19 when the prophet exclaims that every time G'd merely hears the name of Ephrayim mentioned He recalls him with feelings of mercy and has pity on his plight.
5וְיִדְגּוּ לָרֹב וְגוֹ׳. הַכַּוָּנָה עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּפָרָשַׁת בְּרֵאשִׁית בְּפָסוּק (בראשית א:כב) ״וַיְבָרֶךְ אוֹתָם״ וְגוֹ׳ הָאָמוּר בַּדָּגִים, כִּי הֻצְרַךְ ה׳ לְבָרְכָם לְצַד שֶׁמְּקוֹם דִּירָתָם הוּא נֶגְדִּיִּי בַּקָּצֶה הָאַחֲרוֹן לִבְחִינַת הַלֵּידָה, לָזֶה הִגְדִּיל בָּהֶם כֹּחַ הַמּוֹלִיד לְהוֹלִיד אֲפִלּוּ בַּמַּיִם, וְכָאן אָמַר יַעֲקֹב שֶׁיִּדְגּוּ כַּדָּגִים בְּרִבּוּי הַלֵּדָה וְיִהְיֶה לָהֶם גֶּדֶר זֶה בָּאָרֶץ, וּכְפִי זֶה תִּהְיֶה בִּרְכָתָם גְּדוֹלָה מִבִּרְכַּת הַדָּגִים לֶהֱיוֹתָם בַּמַּיִם, וְהָבֵן.
וידגו לרוב בקרב הארץ, "and they will multiply on earth just like fish." Jacob's considerations may have been similar to the blessings G'd bestowed on the fish in Genesis 1,22.1 explained there that a special blessing for the fish was called for due to their habitat being less suited for successful and enduring procreation than the conditions prevailing on dry land. G'd therefore increased the fish's natural reproductive powers to counter the negative conditions prevailing in their habitat. Jacob too accorded Joseph's sons greater powers of reproduction when he blessed them by comparing their fruitfulness to that of fish. Inasmuch as Ephrayim and Menashe did not reside in regions which are hostile to human reproduction, Jacob's blessing was even stronger than G'd's blessing for the fish.
6וְדִקְדֵּק לוֹמַר בְּקֶרֶב, רֶמֶז שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נֶחְבָּאִים בִּפְנִים, עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַה שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (סוטה לו:) בִּזְמַן שֶׁנִּתְקַיְּמָה בִּרְכַּת יַעֲקֹב בָּהֶם: ״לְכוּ הַחְבִּיאוּ עַצְמְכֶם בַּיְּעָרִים״, כִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פֵּרֵשׁ הַכָּתוּב כְּפֵרוּשֵׁנוּ. וְיֵשׁ דְּרָשָׁה בָּזֶה (ברכות נה:) שֶׁהִמְשִׁילָם לְדָגִים שֶׁאֵין עַיִן הָרַע שׁוֹלֶטֶת בָּהֶם, וּכְפִי זֶה אָמְרוֹ בְּקֶרֶב הָאָרֶץ פֵּרוּשׁ, הֲגַם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בְּקֶרֶב הָאָרֶץ, וּבָזֶה הֵם בְּגָדֵר עֶלְיוֹן מֵהַדָּגִים.
Jacob deliberately chose to say בקרב, "in the midst of the earth," instead of merely saying "on earth." This was a hint that at some time in the future Joseph's descendants would "hide" within the earth as we know from Sotah 36 where Joshua is reported as having advised the members of that tribe to hide in the forests (to prevent attracting envy and jealousy due to their being numerous). This need arose only because Jacob's blessing had been fulfilled and they had multiplied at a faster rate than the other tribes. Berachot 55 sees in Jacob's phraseology a hint that the descendants of Joseph would be immune to the evil eye just as the fish are immune to the evil eye. The fish enjoy that status only thanks to their remaining under the surface of the water and therefore not visible. Jacob blessed the sons of Joseph that they would enjoy this immunity even while visible on earth, i.e. בקרב הארץ.

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