פרשה: וזאת הברכה · עלייה: רביעי (נצח)

שמח זבלון בצאתך, "Rejoice, O Zevulun, on your journeys;" Although as a general rule we are not supposed to rejoice as per Kohelet 2,2 ולשמחה מה זה עושה, "and of joy, what does it accomplish?" Moses says here that Zevulun goes to sea joyfully even though he leaves the halls of Torah study in order to engage in commerce. The reason he is entitled to do this is that the proceeds of his commerce are intended to enable Issachar to devote himself to uninterrupted Torah study.

Another meaning of these words is that when a man sets out on an undertaking he does not know if he will be successful. Moses is giving Zevulun an assurance that he will be successful; this is why he emphasizes that he may rejoice even at the outset of his journey. He may consider himself as a שליח מצוה, someone to whom the performance of a מצוה has been entrusted.

באהליך, "in your tents." This is a simile for Issachar. The reason Moses uses this simile is twofold. 1) It denotes the fact that any dwelling in this world is to be considered only a temporary dwelling; our whole terrestrial existence is transient. 2) It describes that the Shechinah forms a "tent" over Zevulun and Issachar. Even though Zevulun is preoccupied with commerce and does not spend his time in the אהל של תורה, the tent of Torah, he qualifies for the presence of the Shechinah no less than Issachar his partner. David alludes to this when he said in Psalms 85,14: "Justice goes before him as he sets out on his way."

מרחיב גד, "the One who enlarges Gad." G'd had enlarged Gad's properties as we know from Numbers 32,1 where the Torah tells us that the tribe possessed large numbers of cattle and sheep. The reason they had so much cattle is also mentioned in Numbers 31,53 that the soldiers each plundered as much as they could. Seeing that the men of Gad were renowned as fighting men they garnered more for themselves than the other tribes. Moses' simile "like a lion who is at rest after he has brought the torn off limbs of his prey," accurately reflects what happened.

וירא ראשית לו. "He chose the first portion for himself." Moses means that actually the ראשית, i.e. the Torah, should have been his share as Moses the lawgiver was buried in his territory. Alternatively, Gad became custodian of a חלק, a small part of the lawgiver, i.e. Moses' earthly remains securely hidden. The reason why Moses was buried there, i.e. on the East Bank of the Jordan was ויתא ראשי עם, in order for the generation of the Exodus, the heads of the nation, to eventually be resurrected together with Moses in order to be allowed to cross the Jordan. The reason that generation is referred to as ראשי עם is that they were the generation whom G'd acquired as His people.

Another meaning of the words וירא ראשית לו is that it is a reference to the initial inheritance this tribe took possession of in the lands formerly owned by Sichon and Og. The word לו means that it became his inheritance rightfully. It was not just a land grab. There was a need to confirm this in view of Ketuvot 111 that anyone who lived in the land of Israel or is buried there is assured of a portion of the hereafter. Moses had to confirm that as far as the land of Gad (and Reuven and half the tribe of Menashe) is concerned the same consideration applied. The words כי שם חלקת מחקק ספון mean that just as Moses who is buried in that land will be resurrected so will be the tribe of Gad, or vice versa, i.e. that Moses was not buried in exile.

צדקת ה׳ עשה. "carrying out G'd's justice." These words refer to Moses again. This is the explanation why Moses would merit to bring others with him at the time of the resurrection. He had performed acts of righteousness vis-a-vis G'd.

An alternative explanation may be that Moses had done more than was required of him, i.e. צדק, as we have already mentioned in our commentary on Deut. 6,25 וצדקה תהיה לנו (pages 1815-16). ומשפטיו עשה עם ישראל. This means that Moses was constantly involved in defending the Israelites vis-a-vis G'd, usually succeeding to wrest a favourable verdict from Him, such as in the matter of the golden calf, the uprising of Korach, etc. The word עשה may be understood as "rectified, rehabilitated."

Still another meaning of our verse may be to understand the words צדקת ה׳ עשה as referring to how G'd dealt with Moses when He decreed that Moses be buried on the East Bank of the Jordan and did not let him complete his prayer in which Moses had asked to be allowed to remain with the main body of the Israelites. The words עם ישראל are a reference to incidents which caused Moses problems.

Alternatively, the words צדקת ה׳ עשה may refer to Gad who acted in a manner which G'd considered as righteous when this tribe undertook to join the main body of the Israelites and to remain with them until completion of the wars of conquest. If we were to consider the matter on a purely legal basis, i.e. their obligations vis-a-vis G'd, the tribe of Gad was not obligated to do this. They had received their inheritance in the place of their choosing as they had argued at the time in Numbers 32,5. If that had not been so G'd would never have consented for them to remain on that territory. As a result, the fact that they crossed the Jordan as the vanguard of the Israelite army was an act that was considered as righteousness for them. However, it was an act of righteousness only vis-a-vis G'd. Vis-a-vis their compatriots it was a sacred duty, not something for which they deserved a reward. The wording צדקת השם עשה is very appropriate then.

The wording ומשפטיו עם ישראל is equally appropriate as it stresses that what the people of Gad did with Israel was no more than what the law demanded of them. If they wanted to appear free from guilt both in the eyes of G'd and in the eyes of Israel they could not have done any less. Seeing that G'd was not in need of the bravery of the soldiers from the tribe of Gad, the Torah describes their fulfilling their duty as applying only to the Israelites.