Parasha: Shemot · Aliyah: Second (Gevurah)

Exodus 1:18–2:10
א׳:י"ח וַיִּקְרָ֤א מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֔ת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָהֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃
1:18 So the king of Egypt summoned the midwives and said to them, “Why have you done this thing, letting the boys live?”
1:18 And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them: ‘Why have ye done this thing, and have saved the men-children alive?’
א׳:י"ח וּקְרָא מַלְכָּא דְמִצְרַיִם לְחַיָתָא וַאֲמַר לְהֶן מָה דֵין עֲבַדְתּוּן יָת פִּתְגָמָא הָדֵין וְקַיֵמְתּוּן יָת בְּנַיָא:
א׳:י"ח אור החיים
1מַדּוּעַ וְגוֹ׳ וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק מַה הוּא הַמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁעָשׂוּ, שֶׁעָלָיו הוּא אוֹמֵר מַדּוּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶן, וְאִם שֶׁלֹּא הֵמִיתוּ אֶת הַיְלָדִים, זֶה יִקָּרֵא שְׁלִילַת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה וְהָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר מַדּוּעַ לֹא עֲשִׂיתֶן. עוֹד צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק אָמְרוֹ וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ, וְאִם עַל סִפּוּק הַמָּזוֹן לַיְּלָדִים הוּא אוֹמֵר כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וַתִּירֶאןָ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת וְגוֹ׳ וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ״ וְגוֹ׳, אִם לָזֶה נִתְכַּוֵּן מַה מַעֲנֶה בִּלְשׁוֹן הַמְיַלְּדוֹת עַל זֶה, וַהֲרֵי הֵן מוֹרְדוֹת בַּמֶּלֶךְ.
מדוע לא עשיתם…זתחיינן את הילדים? "Why did you not do…and you kept these children alive?" What did the king refer to when he asked the midwives: "why did you do, etc?" Their crime was what they had not done! Not killing the babies surely is not described as an activity! The king should have asked: "why did you not do etc.?" Furthermore, what did the king mean when he accused the midwives of keeping the children alive? If he referred to the fact that they supplied food and water, how did the midwives' answer satisfy him? Their answer would be equivalent to rebellion against the king's command!
2וְאוּלַי כִּי לֹא יָדַע פַּרְעֹה בְּפֵרוּשׁ שֶׁהָיוּ מְסַפְּקוֹת מָזוֹן לַיְּלָדִים, כִּי מִן הַסְּתָם לֹא יַעֲשׂוּ כֵן בִּפְנֵי הַמִּצְרִיִּים, וְלִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין לַחְשֹׁד בָּהֶם דֵּלָטוֹרִין, כְּאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ויקרא רבה לב,ה) בְּפָסוּק ״וְשָׁאֲלָה אִשָּׁה״ וְגוֹ׳, כִּי שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֳדָשִׁים הָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶם דָּבָר זֶה וְלֹא גִּלָּה אָדָם מֵעוֹלָם. אֶלָּא שֶׁהַמִּצְרִיִּים הִגִּידוּ לוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת מְסַפְּקוֹת מַיִם וּמָזוֹן לְבֵית הַנָּשִׁים חָיוֹת, וְדָבָר זֶה יְכוֹלִין הַגּוֹיִם הַשְּׁכֵנִים לְהַכִּיר בַּדָּבָר כְּשֶׁתַּכְנִיס הַמְיַלֶּדֶת עִמָּהּ דִּבְרֵי סִפּוּק, וְיָדְעוּ גַּם כֵּן כִּי הַנָּשִׁים הֶחָיוֹת הָיוּ בְּנֵיהֶם זְכָרִים. לָזֶה אָמַר פַּרְעֹה מַדּוּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶן אֶת הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, פֵּרוּשׁ סִפּוּק מַיִם וּמָזוֹן שֶׁהוּא מַעֲשֶׂה הַנִּגְלֶה. וְהֵן אֱמֶת אִם לֹא הָיוּ מְחַיִּים הַיְּלָדִים הָיִיתִי תּוֹלֶה כִּי לַבָּנוֹת אַתֶּם מְסַפְּקִים, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַסִּפּוּק הוּא לִמְקוֹם הַיְּלָדִים וְהַיְּלָדִים הִנָּם בַּחַיִּים, זֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת כִּי לָהֶם אַתֶּם מְסַפְּקִים. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת הַיְלָדִים, וְאֵין זֶה אֶלָּא מֵעִיּוּן שִׂכְלִי כַּנִּזְכָּר, כִּי הַיָּדוּעַ לוֹ בְּבֵרוּר אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מַעֲשֵׂה הַסִּפּוּק לְבֵית הַיּוֹלְדוֹת.
Perhaps Pharaoh was not really sure that they had been supplying food to these babies as they certainly would not do this while other Egyptians were looking on. One could certainly not accuse any Israelites as reporting such a thing to the king. Basing itself on Exodus 3,22 where the Israelites were told 12 months before the Exodus that at that time women would "borrow" silver trinkets from their neighbours, Vayikra Rabbah 32,5 points out that not a single Israelite revealed this information to Pharaoh or to any other Egyptian. Israelites did not snitch on one another during that time. It must be assumed therefore that Egyptians did observe the midwives bringing victuals to the houses of pregnant Israelite women. These Egyptians also became aware that boy babies were being born and raised. Pharaoh therefore referred to the food the midwives were bringing to the pregnant mothers when he asked: "why did you do this?" Unless the midwives kept the boy babies alive, Pharaoh would have attributed their actions as designed to help the baby girls stay alive. Under the circumstances, i.e. the appearance of live baby boys, he had to assume that their existence was due to the midwives' action. Pharaoh simply used his powers of imagination. He had no proof of any sort that the midwives had contravened his orders.
א׳:י"ט וַתֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַנָּשִׁ֛ים הַמִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּטֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵהֶ֛ן הַמְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ׃
1:19 The midwives said to Pharaoh, “Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women: they are vigorous. Before the midwife can come to them, they have given birth.”
1:19 And the midwives said unto Pharaoh: ‘Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwife come unto them.’
א׳:י"ט וַאֲמָרָא חַיָתָא לְפַרְעֹה אֲרֵי לָא כִנְשַׁיָא מִצְרְיָתָא יְהוּדַיָתָא אֲרֵי חֲכִּימָן אִנוּן עַד לָא עַלַת לְוָתְהֶן חַיָתָא וִילִידָן:
א׳:י"ט אור החיים
1כִּי לֹא כַנָּשִׁים וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק לָמָּה הֶאֱרִיךְ כָּל כָּךְ לָשׁוֹן, וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לוֹמַר ״לֹא כַמִּצְרִיּוֹת הָעִבְרִיּוֹת״ אוֹ ״הָעִבְרִיּוֹת לֹא כַמִּצְרִיּוֹת״. עוֹד צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק מַה מַעֲנֶה בְּפִיהֶם עַל סִפּוּק הַמָּזוֹן, וְרוֹאַנִי כִּי קִבֵּל פַּרְעֹה תְּשׁוּבָתָם. עוֹד קָשֶׁה אָמְרוֹ וְיָלָדוּ שֶׁהָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר יוֹלְדוֹת.
כי לא כנשים המצריות העבריות, "the Hebrew women are unlike the Egyptian women, etc." Why did the midwives use such cumbersome language? All they had to say was לא כמצריות העבריות. Besides, how does their answer address Pharaoh's accusation that they supplied food to keep the babies alive? It appears that Pharaoh was satisfied with their answer! Another difficulty is the word וילדו; why did they not say ויולדות, "and they proceeded to give birth?"
2אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא שֶׁהֱשִׁיבוּהוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִקַּח שִׁעוּר לָעִבְרִיּוֹת מֵהַמְיֻחָדוֹת שֶׁבַּמִּצְרִיּוֹת, כִּי כֻלָּן חֲכָמוֹת מִכָּל הַמִּצְרִיּוֹת, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ כִּי חָיוֹת הֵנָּה וּמְיַלְּדוֹת זוֹ לָזוֹ אוֹ אֵינָם צְרִיכִין מְיַלֶּדֶת.
The expression נשים מצריות mentioned by the midwives refers to the elite of the Egyptian women. The midwives explained to Pharaoh that the Hebrew women were superior even to the elite of the Egyptian women in that they either did not need the services of a midwife at all, or were חיות, knowledgeable in that art, and helped each other without reference to outside professionals.
3וְאוּלַי שֶׁרָמְזוּ כִּי הַנָּשִׁים שֶׁל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ בָּהֶם שְׁתֵּי לִמּוּדִיּוֹת בְּהַהַשְׂכָּלָה: הָאַחַת הֱיוֹתָם מֵעִקָּרָם עִבְרִיּוֹת, וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה שֶׁהֵן עַתָּה מִצְרִיּוֹת, וּבְאֶמְצָעוּת זֶה נִתְחַכְּמוּ שְׁנֵי מִינֵי הַשְׂכָּלָה. וְזֶה הוּא שִׁעוּר הַכָּתוּב ״כִּי לֹא כַנָּשִׁים״ הָרְגִילוֹת בַּנִּמְצָא הֵם אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם מִצְרִיּוֹת עִבְרִיּוֹת, וּבָזֶה לֹא תִּהְיֶה הוֹכָחַת הַסְּתִירָה לֹא מֵעִבְרִיּוֹת וְלֹא מִמִּצְרִיּוֹת כִּי אֵלּוּ יֵשׁ בָּהֶם שְׁתֵּי הַדְּרָגוֹת, וְהָבֵן. וְאָמְרוֹ בְּטֶרֶם וְגוֹ׳ נִתְכַּוְּנוּ לְהָשִׁיב אִם יֹאמַר וְלָמָּה לֹא יִהְיוּ הֵם מְיַלְּדוֹת אוֹתָם בְּעַל כָּרְחָן לְצַד שֶׁהֵם הַמְּמֻנּוֹת מֵהַמֶּלֶךְ, וְאָמְרוּ ״בְּטֶרֶם״ וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ, כִּי אָנוּ מִתְחַכְּמִין לָבוֹא אֶצְלָם קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַן הַלֵּדָה כְּפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹנָם לְיַלֵּד אוֹתָם, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אָנוּ מוֹצְאִים אוֹתָם שֶׁכְּבָר יָלְדוּ, כִּי הַיּוֹלְדוֹת הָיוּ מִתְחַכְּמוֹת לְהַרְחִיק לָהֶם זְמַן לֵדָתָם כִּי הִרְגִּישׁוּ בַּדָּבָר, וְכָל זֶה נִכְלָל בְּתֵבַת ״חָיוֹת״. וּמֵעַתָּה כְּפִי הַנָּחָה זוֹ פָּרְחָה לָהּ מֵעַצְמָהּ הַחֲשָׁדָה, הֲגַם שֶׁיָּבִיאוּ בְּיָדָם מַיִם וּמָזוֹן הָיָה לְחָשְׁבָם שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא יָלְדוּ וְהֵם בָּאִים לְיַלֵּד אוֹתָם, וְכָל מַה שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ מֵהוֹרָאַת חִבָּה לָהֶם אַדְרַבָּה כַּשּׁוּרָה וְכַהֹגֶן עוֹשִׂין כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְקָרְבוּ הַלְּבָבוֹת שֶׁל הַיּוֹלְדוֹת וְלֹא יִהְיוּ נֶחְשָׁדִים בְּעֵינֵיהֶם כְּרַצְחָנִיּוֹת וְיִמְצְאוּ מָקוֹם לְקַיֵּם גְּזֵרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ לְהָמִית הַבָּנִים. וְאַחַר שֶׁהָיוּ מְבִיאִין לְחָשְׁבָן שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא יָלְדוּ כַּנִּזְכָּר, וְהָיוּ מוֹצְאִים כִּי כְּבָר יָלְדוּ, אֵינוֹ מֵהַמּוּסָר לְהָשִׁיב הַמּוּבָא, וּבָזֶה סָפָה תַּמָּה תְּלוּנַת וַחֲשַׁד פַּרְעֹה הֲגַם שֶׁצָּדְקוּ דִּבְרֵי הוֹלְכֵי רָכִיל שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁהַמְיַלְּדוֹת סִפְּקוּ מָזוֹן.
Perhaps the midwives hinted that the Jewish women possessed a) the superior skills with which they were born, b) the skills possessed by the natural born Egyptian women which they had acquired during the years they had lived in Egypt. They combined the best skills of both categories of women. If Pharaoh wanted to know why they had not assisted in the births as emissaries of the king, the Hebrew women had always given birth already before the midwife could arrive; the Hebrew women had misled them concerning when a birth would be due. All of this is part of the meaning of their being חיות. The word וילדו means the birth had already taken place by the time the midwives arrived. If they had visited these expectant women bringing with them food and water it was in order to win these women's confidence so that when the time to give birth arrived they would trust them and let them assist. However, all this had been in vain. If, after finding that these women had already had their babies, the midwives would have taken the food away they would only have aroused suspicion that the food had not been intended as a friendly gift at all. In this manner the midwives satisfied Pharaoh while admitting that what the Egyptian women had reported to him was absolutely true, but the conclusions they had drawn did not fit the facts.
א׳:כ׳ וַיֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת וַיִּ֧רֶב הָעָ֛ם וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד׃
1:20 And God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied and increased greatly.
1:20 And God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied, and waxed very mighty.
א׳:כ׳ וְאוֹטֵיב יְיָ לְחַיָתָא וּסְגִי עַמָא וּתְקִיפוּ לַחֲדָא:
א׳:כ׳ אור החיים
1וַיֵּיטֶב וְגוֹ׳ וַיִּרֶב וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק מַה הוּא הַהֲטָבָה, וְאוּלַי שֶׁהוּא הָרָשׁוּם בְּסָמוּךְ ״וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּים״, וְקָשֶׁה אִם כֵּן לֹא הָיָה מַפְסִיק בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וַיִּרֶב הָעָם״. וְנִרְאֶה שֶׁמּוֹרֵנוּ הַכָּתוּב דָּבָר שֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעוּתוֹ רָבוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִי מַה שֶׁקָּדַם לָנוּ שֶׁהָיוּ מְסַפְּקוֹת לָהֶן מַיִם וּמָזוֹן, לָזֶה אָמַר וַיֵּיטֶב אֱלֹהִים לַמְיַלְּדֹת, פֵּרוּשׁ, נָתַן לָהֶם רַב טוּב וּבְאֶמְצָעוּתוֹ הָיָה לָהֶן יְכֹלֶת לְסַפֵּק מָזוֹן, וּבָזֶה וַיִּרֶב הָעָם, וְזוּלַת זֶה לֹא יִהְיֶה לָהֶם לְסַפֵּק לָרַבִּים בְּהַפְלָגָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִזְכִּיר ה׳ שְׂכָרָם הַטּוֹב שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם בָּתִּים.
וייטב אלוקים למילדות, G'd dealt well with the midwives, etc. We are entitled to know what precisely were the favours G'd did for the midwives. Perhaps the verse alludes to the houses that are described in the next verse. If that were so, however, there would have been no point in interrupting this sequence by stating that "the people increased and became very powerful." It appears rather that the verse explains the cause of the increase in the numbers of Israelites. The very food and water which the midwives provided resulted in G'd dealing well with the midwives. G'd enabled the midwives to continue their economically expensive efforts to feed the many newly born babies. Had G'd not helped them economically, they would not have had the wherewithal to supply all that food which resulted in the increase of the numbers of Israelites. The Torah reports the reward G'd provided for the midwives themselves only in the next verse where we are told that He built houses for them.
2עוֹד יִרְמֹז כִּי בִּרְאוֹת ה׳ יִרְאָתָם מֵהָאֱלֹהִים, הִזְמִין לְיָדָם עֲשׂוֹת מִצְווֹת לְאֵין קֵץ לְהַרְבּוֹת שְׂכָרָם, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַיֵּיטֶב וְגוֹ׳, וּמַה הוּא הַטּוֹבָה – וַיִּרֶב הָעָם, שֶׁבָּזֶה יִגְדַּל זְכוּתָם כִּי כֻלָּם יֵחָשְׁבוּ לָהֶם כְּשֶׁלֹּא הֲרָגוּם. וְאוּלַי כִּי לְטַעַם זֶה זָכוּ מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כִּי בְּשֶׁלָּם זוֹכִים לְצַד כִּי יוֹכֶבֶד וּמִרְיָם נָתְנוּ נַפְשָׁם עָלֵינוּ וְעָבְרוּ פִּי מֶלֶךְ, וְעוֹד לָהֶם שֶׁזָּנוּ וּפִרְנְסוּ מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם, לָזֶה יֵחָשְׁבוּ עָלָיו הוּא אָבִינוּ הוּא מַלְכֵּנוּ הוּא מוֹשִׁיעֵנוּ. וְכַלֵּךְ גַּם כֵּן לְדֶרֶךְ זֶה כִּי לְצַד שֶׁאָנוּ עַנְפֵי נִשְׁמָתוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיהו סג:יא) ״מֹשֶׁה עַמּוֹ״, לָזֶה סָבְלָה יוֹכֶבֶד עֻלֵּינוּ לְהָגֵן בַּעֲדֵינוּ וּלְסַפֵּק מַיִם וּמָזוֹן כְּמִשְׁפַּט הַיּוֹלְדִים לִבְנֵיהֶם.
The Torah may also have hinted that when G'd realised the degree of piety demonstrated by the midwives, He decided to reward them by providing them with unlimited opportunities to continue their good work. The word וייטב is followed by וירב העם to show cause and effect. The "good" G'd did for the midwives was that they saw their efforts rewarded by an increase in the Israelite population. Who knows if leaders such as Moshe and Aaron were not provided by G'd for Israel as a direct reward for the selfless efforts of Yocheved and Miriam (the two midwives)? From a mystical dimension, Moses is perceived as a soul embracing all of Israel, i.e. our souls are "branches" of Moses' soul as per Isaiah 63,11 where Moses is equated with G'd's people Israel.
3וּלְדִבְרֵי הַמְפָרְשִׁים (רש״י) שֶׁהַהֲטָבָה הִיא עֲשִׂיַּת הַבָּתִּים, יֵשׁ לוֹמַר כִּי טַעַם שֶׁהִפְסִיק בְּאָמְרוֹ וַיִּרֶב הָעָם, שֶׁזּוּלַת זֶה אֵין מָקוֹם לְבָתֵּי כְּהוּנָּה וּבָתֵּי מַלְכוּת, כִּי אִם אֵין עַם אֵין מֶלֶךְ וְכֹהֵן, לָזֶה הִקְדִּים ה׳ הָעָם וְאַחַר כָּךְ עָשָׂה לָהֶם בָּתִּים וְגוֹ׳:
According to Rashi who describes the "good" G'd did for the midwives as the houses G'd is reported to have provided for them as mentioned in the next verse, we could say that the Torah first had to mention that the people kept increasing as providing a caste of Priests as well as Royalty, would not make much sense unless there were a sufficient number of Israelites to warrant all this.
א׳:כ"א וַיְהִ֕י כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים׃
1:21 And because the midwives feared God, He established householdseMeaning of Heb. batim uncertain. for them.
1:21 And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that He made them houses.
א׳:כ"א וַהֲוָה כַּד דְחִילָא חַיָתָא מִן קֳדָם יְיָ וַעֲבַד לְהוֹן בָּתִּין:
א׳:כ"ב וַיְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְכָל־עַמּ֖וֹ לֵאמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֙רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ וְכָל־הַבַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּן׃ (ס)
1:22 Then Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, “Every boy that is born you shall throw into the Nile, but let every girl live.”
1:22 And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying: ‘Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive.’
א׳:כ"ב וּפַקִיד פַּרְעֹה לְכָל עַמֵהּ לְמֵימָר כָּל בְּרָא דְיִתְיְלִיד לִיהוּדָאֵי בְּנַהֲרָא תִּרְמֻנֵהּ וְכָל בְּרַתָּא תְּקַיְמוּן:
א׳:כ"ב אור החיים
1וַיְצַו וְגוֹ׳ לְכָל עַמּוֹ וְגוֹ׳. לְפִי מַה שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ כִּי מִתְּחִלָּה דִּבֵּר לַמְיַלְּדוֹת שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַדָּבָר בְּסוֹד וְלֹא יֵדְעוּ בְּנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּשֶׁלֹּא עָלְתָה בְּיָדוֹ עָשָׂה הַדָּבָר בְּפִרְסוּם וְצִוָּה לְכָל עַמּוֹ עַל הַדָּבָר, כִּי חָשַׁב כִּי אֵין נִמְלָט מֵהֶם לְצַד הֱיוֹתָם רַבִּים וְנִכָּרִים שֶׁלֹּא יְרַחֲמוּ עֲלֵיהֶם. עוֹד אוּלַי לְצַד שֶׁרָאָה בְּאִצְטַגְנִינוּת כִּי מוֹשִׁיעָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹלָד וְעָתִיד לִלְקוֹת בַּמַּיִם (סנהדרין קא,א), לָזֶה גָּזַר גְּזֵרָה חֲזָקָה וּמִנָּה כָּל אִישׁ מִצְרִי עַל הַדָּבָר, וּבָזֶה אֵין נִמְלָט מִיָּדָם.
ויצו פרעה לכל עמו, Pharaoh commanded his entire nation, etc. Whereas originally Pharaoh's command to the midwives to kill new born boy babies was a secret deal between him and the midwives, something the Hebrew women did not know about, now, in view of the failure of that plan, he resorted to a public announcement; he believed that in view of the continued expansion of the Israelite population he would have popular support for such a draconian measure. An additional factor forcing Pharaoh's hand to go public with the decree to drown all boy babies may have been that according to astrologers Pharaoh foresaw that the redeemer of the Israelites would be born and would end his career prematurely due to water (Sanhedrin 101). Pharaoh mobilised every Egyptian to participate in this decree in order to precipitate this event.
2וְאָמְרוֹ לֵאמֹר, פֵּרוּשׁ, לֹא שֶׁהַמִּצְרִיִּים הֵם עַצְמָם יַשְׁלִיכוּהוּ, אֶלָּא שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד יַשְׁלִיךְ בָּנָיו. וְהַטַּעַם לְמַה שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ שֶׁהַגְּזֵרָה הָיְתָה לְצַד מַה שֶׁרָאוּ אִצְטַגְנִינָיו וְכוּ׳, מִן הַסְּתָם יִרְאוּ הַדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁלָּקָה בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לָזֶה גָּזַר שֶׁבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם יַשְׁלִיכוּ אוֹתוֹ הַיְאוֹרָה, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכֵּן הָיָה שֶׁיּוֹכֶבֶד הִיא הִשְׁלִיכָה אֶת מֹשֶׁה בַּיְאוֹר.
The Torah says לאמור, i.e. not every Egyptian should personally commit such a murder but that he should tell the Hebrew parent to drown his child seeing it was a Royal decree. Pharaoh's interpretation of what the astrologers had told him was that Moses would find a premature death by water at the hand of an Israelite. This is why he insisted that the Israelites themselves kill the children. The fact that Yocheved herself exposed Moses to a watery death is proof that the Egyptians themselves did not drown the children.
3אוֹ יִרְצֶה לֵאמֹר, שֶׁהֵם יְצַוּוּ לְכָל שָׁכֵן עַל שְׁכוּנָתוֹ עַל הַדָּבָר, וְלֹא יִצְטָרְכוּ כָּל הָעָם.
It is also possible that the meaning of the word לאמור at this point is that only the neighbours of the Israelites were to be involved in this, not the entire population.
4וְיֵשׁ מֵרַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ (סוטה יב,א) שֶׁגַּם עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים גָּזַר, וְזֶה דֶּרֶךְ דְּרָשׁ שֶׁבְּיוֹם אֶחָד אֲשֶׁר אָמְרוּ לְפַרְעֹה כִּי בוֹ בַּיּוֹם וְגוֹ׳, אוֹתוֹ יוֹם גָּזַר עַל כָּל עַמּוֹ. אֲבָל פְּשַׁט הַכָּתוּב אֵין הַדְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים אֶלָּא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כִּי גְּזֵרָה זוֹ בִּתְמִידוּת הָיְתָה, וְהָרְאָיָה כִּי יוֹכֶבֶד נָתְנָה מֹשֶׁה בַּיְאוֹר אַחַר שְׁלֹשָׁה יְרָחִים וְהָאִצְטַגְנִינִים רָאוּ יוֹם הַלֵּידָה, וְאִלּוּ לֹא הָיְתָה הַגְּזֵרָה אֶלָּא יוֹם לֵידַת מֹשֶׁה וְהוּכַּר הַיּוֹם הַהוּא, מַה מָקוֹם לִגְזוֹר עוֹד? אֶלָּא וַדַּאי שֶׁגְּזֵרָה זוֹ עַל כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הָיְתָה בִּתְמִידוּת, וּבְהֶכְרֵחַ אָמְרוֹ לְכָל עַמּוֹ הוּא לְצַוֵּם עַל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַדְּרָשָׁה תִּדָּרֵשׁ.
Some of our rabbis felt (Sotah 12) that Pharaoh commanded that all boy babies (Egyptian as well as Jewish) born on a certain day should be drowned as he believed that this was the day on which the Jewish redeemer was to be born. Such an exegesis is homiletics. The plain meaning is that the decree concerned only Jewish boy babies. Had it been in effect for only a single day, why did Yocheved feel she had to hide Moses for three months? Surely the decree was in effect for an indefinite period during the time Moses was born. The words לכל עמו simply mean that "his entire people be acquainted with this decree."
ב׳:א׳ וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ אִ֖ישׁ מִבֵּ֣ית לֵוִ֑י וַיִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי׃
2:1 A certain man of the house of Levi went and married a Levite woman.
2:1 And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi.
ב׳:א׳ וַאֲזַל גַבְרָא מִדְבֵית לֵוִי וּנְסִיב יָת בַּת לֵוִי:
ב׳:ב׳ וַתַּ֥הַר הָאִשָּׁ֖ה וַתֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֑ן וַתֵּ֤רֶא אֹתוֹ֙ כִּי־ט֣וֹב ה֔וּא וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵ֖הוּ שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יְרָחִֽים׃
2:2 The woman conceived and bore a son; and when she saw how beautiful he was, she hid him for three months.
2:2 And the woman conceived, and bore a son; and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months.
ב׳:ב׳ וְעַדִיאַת אִתְּתָא וִילִידַת בָּר וַחֲזַת יָתֵהּ אֲרֵי טַב הוּא וְאַטְמַרְתֵּהּ תְּלָתָא יַרְחִין:
ב׳:ב׳ אור החיים
1כִּי טוֹב הוּא וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק מַה הִיא הַטּוֹבִיּוּת שֶׁרָאֲתָה בּוֹ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סוטה יב,א) אָמְרוּ נוֹלַד מָהוּל וַתִּמָּלֵא הַבַּיִת אוֹרָה. וְזֶה דֶּרֶךְ דְּרָשׁ. עוֹד צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק קֶשֶׁר ״וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ״ עִם ״וַתֵּרֶא אוֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב״ וְגוֹ׳, וְכִי אִם לֹא הָיָה טוֹב לֹא תַחְמֹל עַל פְּרִי בִּטְנָהּ לִצְפֹּן אוֹתוֹ מֵאַנְשֵׁי דָמִים?
So she hid him. What precisely was the "goodness" that Yocheved observed when Moses was born? Our sages (Sotah 12) say that Moses was born without a foreskin and that the house was filled with light when he was born. Surely this is homiletics. Besides, what does Yocheved's hiding Moses have to do with her observing that he was "good?" Assuming Moses had not been "good," would she not have had motherly feelings of pity for his future? We can determine the meaning of the verse from the comment of our sages in Sotah 12 that the Egyptians calculated the length of her pregnancy from the day Yocheved remarried Amram. She gave birth to Moses six months and a day after he was conceived. Normally, babies born after only six months of pregnancy do not have much of a chance to survive, whereas babies born after seven months have an excellent chance to develop normally. The average mother is unable to determine to the day how long her pregnancy has been in progress. When she gives birth to a baby after six months pregnancy the baby is considered as aborted. The Torah told us that when Yocheved looked at the fetus she realised that contrary to her expectations he was healthy and well. This was the "good" that she saw. This is also why she took extraordinary care to nurse this child through the difficult period until it would be out of danger. She endangered herself by hiding Moses seeing that the Egyptians used to carry out house to house searches for Jewish babies. Our sages base their exegesis on the Torah choosing the word טוב rather than any other word describing Moses' state of health. They concluded that he must have been born without a foreskin. According to our tradition Adam was created without a foreskin. As a result of his sin his glans became covered with additional tissue, something that required removal if man wanted to regain a status the Torah describes as "perfect" when G'd instructed Abraham to circumcise himself.
2אָכֵן כַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא, כִּי מִמַּה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ״ וְגוֹ׳ ״וְלֹא יָכְלָה עוֹד״ וְגוֹ׳, אָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סוטה יב,א) כִּי מָנוּ לָהּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים מֵעֵת הֶרְיוֹנָהּ וְהִיא יְלָדַתּוּ בֶּן שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים וְיוֹם אֶחָד. וְהִנֵּה הַיּוֹלֶדֶת לְשִׁשָּׁה פְּשִׁיטָא שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְקַיֵּם, וְהַיּוֹלֶדֶת לְשִׁבְעָה מִתְקַיֵּם, וְהִנֵּה אֵין הָאִשָּׁה מְדַקְדֶּקֶת בְּמִסְפַּר יוֹם אֶחָד, וּכְשֶׁיְּלָדַתּוּ בְּחֶזְקַת נֵפֶל יְלָדַתּוּ. וְהוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב כִּי רָאַתְהוּ טוֹב, פֵּרוּשׁ בָּרִיא וְחָזָק שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ סִימָנִים שֶׁל נֵפֶל, וְלָזֶה טָרְחָה בִּשְׁבִילוֹ וְסִכְּנָה עַצְמָהּ מֵהַמִּצְרִיִּים שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹדְקִים הַבָּתִּים בַּקְּטַנִּים כְּמַאֲמָרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שם), וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַתֵּרֶא וְגוֹ׳ וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ. וּדְרָשַׁת רַזַ״ל תִּדָּרֵשׁ מִמַּה שֶׁלָּקַח לָשׁוֹן זֶה כִּי טוֹב וְלֹא אָמַר לָשׁוֹן אַחֵר. וְכַוָּנַת רַזַ״ל שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ טוֹב הוּא מָהוּל, כְּבָר גִּלּוּ דַּעְתָּם בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר (סנהדרין לח,ב) כִּי אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן קוֹדֶם שֶׁחָטָא הָיָה טוֹב מֻחְלָט, וּבְמַעֲשֵׂה הָרַע שֶׁעָשָׂה מָשַׁךְ הָעָרְלָה מִבְּחִינַת הָרַע, וְלָזֶה כְּשֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״כִּי טוֹב״ הֲרֵי זֶה מַרְאֶה בָּאֶצְבַּע כִּי מְשֻׁלָּל מֵהֶכֵּר רַע שֶׁהִיא הָעָרְלָה.
We can determine the meaning of the verse from the comment of our sages in Sotah 12 that the Egyptians calculated the length of her pregnancy from the day Yocheved remarried Amram. She gave birth to Moses six months and a day after he was conceived. Normally, babies born after only six months of pregnancy do not have much of a chance to survive, whereas babies born after seven months have an excellent chance to develop normally. The average mother is unable to determine to the day how long her pregnancy has been in progress. When she gives birth to a baby after six months pregnancy the baby is considered as aborted. The Torah told us that when Yocheved looked at the fetus she realised that contrary to her expectations he was healthy and well. This was the "good" that she saw. This is also why she took extraordinary care to nurse this child through the difficult period until it would be out of danger. She endangered herself by hiding Moses seeing that the Egyptians used to carry out house to house searches for Jewish babies. Our sages base their exegesis on the Torah choosing the word טוב rather than any other word describing Moses' state of health. They concluded that he must have been born without a foreskin. According to our tradition Adam was created without a foreskin. As a result of his sin his glans became covered with additional tissue, something that required removal if man wanted to regain a status the Torah describes as "perfect" when G'd instructed Abraham to circumcise himself (compare Sanhedrin 38).
ב׳:ג׳ וְלֹא־יָכְלָ֣ה עוֹד֮ הַצְּפִינוֹ֒ וַתִּֽקַּֽח־לוֹ֙ תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה בַחֵמָ֖ר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת וַתָּ֤שֶׂם בָּהּ֙ אֶת־הַיֶּ֔לֶד וַתָּ֥שֶׂם בַּסּ֖וּף עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַיְאֹֽר׃
2:3 When she could hide him no longer, she got a wicker basket for him and caulked it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child into it and placed it among the reeds by the bank of the Nile.
2:3 And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch; and she put the child therein, and laid it in the flags by the river’s brink.
ב׳:ג׳ וְלָא יְכֵילַת עוֹד לְאַטְמָרוּתֵהּ וּנְסֵיבַת לֵהּ תֵּבוּתָא דְגוֹמֶא וְחַפָּתַהּ בְּחֵמָרָא וּבְזִפְתָּא וְשַׁוִיאַת בַּהּ יָת רַבְיָא וְשַׁוִיתַהּ בְּיַעֲרָא עַל כֵּיף נַהֲרָא:
ב׳:ד׳ וַתֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖וֹ מֵרָחֹ֑ק לְדֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽוֹ׃
2:4 And his sister stationed herself at a distance, to learn what would befall him.
2:4 And his sister stood afar off, to know what would be done to him.
ב׳:ד׳ וְאִתְעַתָּדַת אֲחָתֵהּ מֵרָחִיק לְמִידַע מָה יִתְעֲבֵד לֵהּ:
ב׳:ה׳ וַתֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙ לִרְחֹ֣ץ עַל־הַיְאֹ֔ר וְנַעֲרֹתֶ֥יהָ הֹלְכֹ֖ת עַל־יַ֣ד הַיְאֹ֑ר וַתֵּ֤רֶא אֶת־הַתֵּבָה֙ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַסּ֔וּף וַתִּשְׁלַ֥ח אֶת־אֲמָתָ֖הּ וַתִּקָּחֶֽהָ
2:5 The daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe in the Nile, while her maidens walked along the Nile. She spied the basket among the reeds and sent her slave girl to fetch it.
2:5 And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe in the river; and her maidens walked along by the river-side; and she saw the ark among the flags, and sent her handmaid to fetch it.
ב׳:ה׳ וּנְחָתַת בַּת פַּרְעֹה לְמִסְחֵי עַל נַהֲרָא וְעוּלֵימָתָהָא מְהַלְכָן עַל כֵּיף נַהֲרָא וַחֲזַת יָת תֵּבוּתָא בְּגוֹ יַעֲרָא וְאוֹשֵׁטַת יָת אַמְתַהּ וּנְסֵבְתַהּ:
ב׳:ה׳ אור החיים
1וְנַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ הוֹלְכוֹת וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק כַּוָּנַת סִפּוּר זֶה וְנַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ הוֹלְכוֹת, וְאוּלַי שֶׁיְּכַוֵּן לוֹמַר מַעֲשֵׂה בִּתְיָה, לֶהֱיוֹת כִּי מַעֲשֵׂה מִצְוָה גְּדוֹלָה עָשְׂתָה דִּקְדֵּק הַכָּתוּב לְהוֹדִיעַ דִּקְדּוּק אוֹפֶן הַמַּעֲשֶׂה. וְהִנֵּה דָּבָר יָדוּעַ הוּא כִּי בַּת מֶלֶךְ לֹא תֵלֵךְ לַיְאוֹר בְּלֹא נְעָרוֹת כְּמִשְׁפַּט בְּנוֹת מְלָכִים, גַּם מִמּוּסַר הַגְּדוֹלִים וּבִפְרָט הַמְּלָכִים לִהְיוֹת לָהֶם אֶחָד מְיֻחָד מְכֻבָּד הַרְבֵּה לְהִתְגַּלּוֹת לְפָנָיו וּלְשַׁמְּשׁוֹ וְלִרְחֹץ בְּבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ אוֹ בַּיְאוֹר וְכַדּוֹמֶה, וְכָאן הוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וְנַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ הוֹלְכוֹת״ שֶׁהָיָה בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָיְתָה רוֹחֶצֶת, שֶׁהֻצְרְכוּ נַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ מִמּוּסַר הַמַּלְכוּת שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲמֹד לְפָנֶיהָ, וְלֹא נִשְׁאֲרָה עִמָּהּ אֶלָּא אַחַת הַמְיֻחֶדֶת וַתִּשְׁלַח אוֹתָהּ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַתִּשְׁלַח אֶת אֲמָתָהּ פֵּרוּשׁ הַמְיֻחֶדֶת לָהּ לִרְחֹץ וְגוֹ׳. וְאָמְרוֹ וַתִּקָּחֶהָ שְׁקוּלָה – אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלְחָה אוֹתָהּ לְבַל תְּיַעֲצָהּ הֵפֶךְ רְצוֹנָהּ, כִּי רְצוֹנָהּ שֶׁל בַּת פַּרְעֹה הָיְתָה לְהַצִּיל הַיֶּלֶד הַהוּא וַתִּקָּחֶהָ בַּת פַּרְעֹה לַתֵּבָה; אוֹ וַתִּשְׁלַח וְגוֹ׳ וַתִּקָּחֶהָ אֲמָתָהּ, וְלִשְׁנֵי הַדְּרָכִים שֶׁבַח בַּת פַּרְעֹה יַגִּיד, כִּי נַפְשָׁהּ נֶפֶשׁ טְהוֹרָה, מִי יִתֵּן טָהוֹר מִטָּמֵא וְגוֹ׳ (איוב י״ד:ד׳) לַדֶּרֶךְ הָא׳ יְכַוֵּין לוֹמַר שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה עִמָּהּ אֶלָּא אָמָה אַחַת וְכָל נַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ הָיוּ הוֹלְכוֹת וְגוֹ׳ אַף עַל פִּי כֵן חָשְׁשָׁה לִמְנִיעָה מִמֶּנָּה וּשְׁלָחַתָּהּ וְנִשְׁאֶרֶת בַּת מֶלֶךְ לְבַדָּהּ וְלָקְחָה הַתֵּבָה בְּיָדָהּ, וּלְדֶרֶךְ ב׳ גַּם כֵּן שֶׁבַח יַגִּיד, שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה עִמָּהּ אֶלָּא אָמָה אַחַת וְאֵין מִדֶּרֶךְ הַמּוּסָר שֶׁתִּשָּׁאֵר בַּת מֶלֶךְ יְחִידָה, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר עַל שְׂפַת הַיְאוֹר, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן שָׁלְחָה אוֹתָהּ לְמֵרָחוֹק, וְלָזֶה הִקְדִּים לְהוֹדִיעַ וְנַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ וְגוֹ׳ לָדַעַת כַּוָּנַת הוֹדָעַת וַתִּשְׁלַח אֶת אֲמָתָהּ עַל אוֹפֶן שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ, וְאִלּוּ לֹא אָמַר וְנַעֲרוֹתֶיהָ לֹא הָיְתָה הַכַּוָּנָה יְדוּעָה שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לְמַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ, וְהָבֵן:
ונערותיה הולכות, walking with her ladies-in-waiting, etc. Why is that detail pertinent to the story of Moses' rescue? Perhaps the Torah felt that inasmuch as Batya (Pharaoh's daughter) had performed such a great deed in rescuing the life of a Jewish baby, she deserved that all the details be revealed for all to know. It is a well known fact that a Royal princess does not go down to the river to bathe without her attendants. Moreover, it is customary that amongst her attendants there should be one who is senior, in charge of all the other junior attendants. The Torah speaks about "her attendants who were walking, etc." Presumably, the Torah means that at the time when the princess was actually bathing in the water all the other attendants were walking some distance away, affording the princess a degree of privacy while she bathed. Only the senior attendant stayed close to the princess. The Torah referred to this senior attendant when it writes: "she sent out her maidservant who picked up the basket." It is possible that the princess sent her maidservant to save the baby whereas the maidservant merely picked up the basket without the baby. In either event, the princess deserves praise for displaying noble human feelings. Her soul was pure, indicating that sometimes something pure emerges from something impure (Job, 14,4). One of two things may have happened. 1) Although the princess was attended by only a single servant at the time, she sent even that servant away and she herself picked up the baby remaining alone and vulnerable at the time. 2) Although the princess had only one attendant close by at the time, having sent her other maids some distance away, she even took a chance by sending the one remaining servant to pick up the basket with the baby.
ב׳:ו׳ וַתִּפְתַּח֙ וַתִּרְאֵ֣הוּ אֶת־הַיֶּ֔לֶד וְהִנֵּה־נַ֖עַר בֹּכֶ֑ה וַתַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔יו וַתֹּ֕אמֶר מִיַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽעִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה׃
2:6 When she opened it, she saw that it was a child, a boy crying. She took pity on it and said, “This must be a Hebrew child.”
2:6 And she opened it, and saw it, even the child; and behold a boy that wept. And she had compassion on him, and said: ‘This is one of the Hebrews’children.’
ב׳:ו׳ וּפְתָחַת וַחֲזַת יָת רַבְיָא וְהָא עוּלֵימָא בָּכֵי וְחָסַת עֲלוֹהִי וַאֲמֶרֶת מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָאֵי הוּא דֵין:
ב׳:ו׳ אור החיים
1וַתִּרְאֵהוּ אֶת הַיֶּלֶד וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לְדַקְדֵּק אָמְרוֹ וַתִּרְאֵהוּ וְגוֹ׳, שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר וַתֵּרֶא וְגוֹ׳. וְנִרְאֶה שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר שֶׁיָּדְעָה שֶׁהַתֵּבָה הִיא מֵהַיְּלָדִים הַמּוּשְׁלָכִים הַיְאוֹרָה, וְנִתְכַּוְּנָה לְהַצִּילוֹ, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ בְּפָסוּק ״וַתִּשְׁלַח אֶת אֲמָתָהּ״, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וַתִּפְתַּח וַתִּרְאֵהוּ לְהַיֶּלֶד שֶׁנִּתְכַּוְּנָה לְהַצִּיל, וְאִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר הַכָּתוּב וַתִּרְאֶה יֶלֶד יִהְיֶה הַמַּשְׁמָעוּת כִּי רָאֲתָה מַה שֶׁלֹּא חָשְׁבָה כֵן, וְהָבֵן.
ותראהו את הילד והנה נער בכה, When she saw the child it turned out to be a crying boy. Why did the Torah write ותראהו, "she saw him," instead of simply "she saw, etc.?" Presumably she assumed that the basket would contain an abandoned baby and she planned to rescue the baby. The Torah therefore refers to the princess "seeing what she expected to see, i.e. an abandoned child." Had the Torah written ותרא את הילד, the Torah would have created the impression that the princess saw something she had not expected.
2וְרַזַ״ל דָּרְשׁוּ (סוטה יב:) ״וַתִּרְאֵהוּ״ – רָאֲתָה שְׁכִינָה עִמּוֹ, וְהוּא דֶּרֶךְ דְּרָשׁ. וְצָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא הִכִּירָה הַשְּׁכִינָה הִיא, כִּי מִנַּיִן יָדְעָה הַשְּׁכִינָה מִבֵּית אָבִיהָ וַאֲבִי אָבִיהָ, אֶלָּא שֶׁרָאֲתָה עִמּוֹ אוֹר גָּדוֹל, וַה׳ עָשָׂה כֵן כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּגְדַּל מַעֲלַת הַיֶּלֶד בְּעֵינֶיהָ. גַּם לַטַּעַם שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ זַ״ל (זהר ח״ב יב:) בַּכָּתוּב ״וְהִנֵּה נַעַר בֹּכֶה״, שֶׁרָמַז עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹכִים בַּגָּלוּת, לָזֶה וַיְגַל ה׳ אֶת עֵינֶיהָ לְהַרְאוֹתָהּ הָאוֹר הַסּוֹמֵךְ לְמֹשֶׁה.
Our sages in Sotah 12 explain the pronoun הו at the end of ותרא as a reference to Batya seeing the שכינה together with the child. This is homiletics. We would have to assume that Batya had experience with the way the שכינה looked from her father and grandfather, something quite unlikely! Our sages may simply have meant that Batya saw that the baby was surrounded by a great halo; G'd arranged for this in order to impress Batya that this baby was someone special. The Zohar section 2, page 12 writes something similar concerning the words "the boy was crying," namely that the cries were on behalf of the Jewish people's suffering in exile." G'd opened her eyes in order for her to be able to "see" the great light surrounding Moses.
3עוֹד אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהַרְגָּשָׁתָהּ בַּשְּׁכִינָה הָיְתָה לְצַד שֶׁכְּשֶׁנָּגְעָה בּוֹ פָּרְחָה מִמֶּנָּה צָרַעַת (שמות רבה א,כג), אָמְרָה: אֵין זֶה אֶלָּא בֵּן אֱלֹהִי. וְאוּלַי שֶׁרָמַז פְּרִיחַת הַצָּרַעַת בְּאָמְרוֹ וַתִּרְאֵהוּ אֶת הַיֶּלֶד, פֵּרוּשׁ, וַתִּרְאֵהוּ לְהָאָמוּר בְּסָמוּךְ בְּכֹחַ, דִּכְתִיב ״לִרְחוֹץ״ וְזִכְרוֹן ״בְּשָׂרָהּ״ בְּכֹחַ, וּכְשֶׁפָּתְחָה הַתֵּבָה וַתַּרְאֵהוּ לִבְשָׂרָהּ אֶת הַיֶּלֶד, פֵּרוּשׁ, כְּשֶׁנָּגְעָה בַּיֶּלֶד, וְהִנֵּה נַעַר, פֵּרוּשׁ, חָזַר לִהְיוֹת כִּבְשַׂר נַעַר קָטֹן, עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב בְּנַעֲמָן (מלכים ב ה:יד): ״וַיָּשָׁב בְּשָׂרוֹ כִּבְשַׂר נַעַר קָטֹן״:
Alternatively, Batya's experience with the שכינה may be explained in terms of Shemot Rabbah 1,23 according to which Batya suffered from Tzoraat, the dreaded skin disease. As soon as she touched the basket she felt that she had been healed. This was her encounter with the שכינה. The word נער may then have a double meaning. When the Syrian general Naamon was healed of his Tzoraat, the prophet described his flesh as again becoming like that of a teen-aged boy, נער, (Kings II 5,14).
4וַתַּחְמֹל עָלָיו. לְפִי מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ כִּי נִתְכַּוְּנָה מִתְּחִלָּה וּבָרִאשׁוֹנָה לְהַצִּיל הַיֶּלֶד, טַעַם הַחֶמְלָה חֲדָשָׁה – לֹא לְהַצִּילוֹ מֵהַיְאוֹר, אֶלָּא יַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב שֶׁבִּקְשָׁה לַהֲנִיקוֹ, וְהָעֵד מַה שֶׁאָמַר בְּסָמוּךְ ״וַתֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתוֹ וְגוֹ׳ הַאֵלֵךְ וְקָרָאתִי״ וְגוֹ׳, וְאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סוטה יב:) שֶׁהֶחְזִירַתּוּ עַל מֵנִיקוֹת גּוֹיוֹת וְכוּ׳:
ותחמול עליו. She pitied him. Seeing that she had already set out determined to save the child, the pity mentioned here may refer to her determination to nurse the child. This is why Moses' sister immediately volunteered to call a Jewish wet nurse to nurse Moses. According to Sotah 12 all this occurred after Moses refused to accept milk from the breasts of non Jewish wet nurses.
5וַתֹּאמֶר מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים וְגוֹ׳. קָשֶׁה, מַה חִדּוּשׁ אוֹמֶרֶת מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים זֶה? פְּשִׁיטָא שֶׁכֵּן הוּא, כִּי הֵן הֵנָּה הַמַּשְׁלִיכוֹת יַלְדֵיהֶן בַּיְאוֹר בִּגְזֵרַת פַּרְעֹה. וְאִם לְפִי מַה שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סוטה יב,א) כִּי בְּאוֹתוֹ יוֹם גָּזַר גַּם עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים, אִם כֵּן מִנַּיִן יָדְעָה וְהִכִּירָה כִּי אֵינוֹ מִיַּלְדֵי מִצְרִיִּים? וְהִנֵּה לְפִי מַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה כִּי הֶחֱזִירַתּוּ עַל כַּמָּה מֵינִיקוֹת גּוֹיוֹת וְלֹא רָצָה לִינֹק, זֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת כִּי לֹא מִיַּלְדֵי הַמִּצְרִיּוֹת, וְעַל כָּל פָּנִים מַה חִדּוּשׁ אוֹמֶרֶת בִּדְבָרֶיהָ?
ותאמר מילדי העברים זה. She said: "this one is one of the Jewish babies." This was quite obvious as the Jews would abandon their children near the river on account of Pharaoh's decree. On the other hand, if all this occurred on the one day when Pharaoh had ordered the Egyptians to throw also their new-born boy babies into the Nile, how did Batya know that Moses was a Jewish baby? This may have forced our sages in Sotah to say that Moses refused to drink the milk of non Jewish wet nurses. [I do not see this as a compelling explanation. The fact that the child had no foreskin clearly marked him as Jewish unless the Jews had abandoned the practice of circumcision already at that time as is evident eighty years later at the time of the Exodus. Ed.]
6וְלַעֲמֹד עַל הַדָּבָר נַשְׂכִּיל עַל דָּבָר אִם הַצָּלַת הַיֶּלֶד הָיָה לְצַד שֶׁנִּסְתַּפְּקָה הֱיוֹתוֹ מִצְרִי אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ יִהְיֶה עִבְרִי. וְהִנֵּה אִם נֹאמַר שֶׁחָשְׁבָה לְהַצִּיל לִסְפֵק מִצְרִי, תְּכַוֵּן בְּאָמְרָהּ מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים זֶה כִּי נִתְבָּרֵר לָהּ הֵפֶךְ מַה שֶׁחָשְׁבָה, וּבָזֶה גִּלְּתָה דַּעְתָּהּ כִּי לֹא לְהַצִּיל מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים נִתְכַּוְּנָה, וְדָבָר זֶה הַשֵּׂכֶל יִבְחֲרֵהוּ, כִּי סְתָם גּוֹיָה לֹא תְרַחֵם אֶלָּא עַל בְּנֵי אוּמָּתָהּ, וַהֲגַם שֶׁאָנוּ רוֹאִים שֶׁאַחֲרֵי שֶׁיָּדְעָה כִּי מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים הוּא הֶחֱזִיקָה בּוֹ וְשָׂכְרָה לוֹ מֵינֶקֶת, אֵין מִזֶּה רְאָיָה, כִּי אַחַר שֶׁיָּדְעָה מַעֲלָתוֹ גַּם שֶׁרִפֵּא אוֹתָהּ מִצָּרַעְתָּהּ רִחֲמָה עָלָיו, גַּם רָאוּי הוּא מִכֹּחַ זֶה לְהַטּוֹת לִבָּהּ לֶאֱמוּנַת יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי הִיא רָאֲתָה מַה נּוֹרָא מַעֲשָׂיו.
Accordingly, the Torah does tell us something that was not so obvious after all. Let us examine if the reason Batya saved the baby was because she thought it might be an abandoned Egyptian baby, or if she had made up her mind to save the baby even if it turned out to be a Jewish baby. If we were to assume the former, the words מילדי העברים זה express Batya's amazement at the fact that the child was Jewish. This would indicate that originally the thought of saving a Jewish child had not occurred to her. There would be nothing unusual about a Gentile displaying sympathy only for her own kind. Even though we observe that she held the child and hired a nursemaid for him after she found out that it was a Jewish child, this fact does not prove that she would have saved the child and have displayed pity for it if G'd had not first healed her from her affliction and provided a sign that the child was someone out of the ordinary. These incidents acquainted Batya with the wonderful ways of G'd.
7וְאִם נֹאמַר שֶׁמִּתְּחִלָּה רִחֲמָה עַל הַיֶּלֶד, הֲגַם שֶׁיָּדְעָה כִּי מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הוּא, תְּכַוֵּן בְּאָמְרָהּ מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים נְתִינַת טַעַם שֶׁלֹּא יָנַק מֵהַנָּכְרִיּוֹת, לֹא שֶׁהוּחֲלָה מֵהַיְאוֹר וּמְסֻכָּן הוּא וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִינֹק, אֶלָּא לְצַד שֶׁהוּא מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים, וְלָזֶה תֵּכֶף אָמְרָה לָהּ אֲחוֹתוֹ הַאֵלֵךְ וְקָרָאתִי לָךְ וְגוֹ׳ מֵהָעִבְרִיּוֹת לְהַבְחִין דְּבָרֶיהָ, וְאָמַר הַכָּתוּב וַתִּקַּח הָאִשָּׁה וְגוֹ׳ וַתְּנִיקֵהוּ.
If we are to assume that Batya already set out to rescue the baby although she was aware that it would turn out to be a Jewish baby, then the words מילדי העברים must be understood as the reason why the baby refused to suckle at the breasts of the Egyptian wet nurses. It was not because the baby had become weak through lying in the reeds of the river, or for any other biological reason, but because it was a Jewish baby. This is why his sister (Miriam) immediately volunteered the services of a Jewish wet nurse stressing the words: מן העבריות, "one of the Hebrew women," in order to prove that she knew the true reason why the baby refused to be nursed. This is also why the Torah had to report in verse nine that the child's mother took the child and was able to nurse him.
ב׳:ז׳ וַתֹּ֣אמֶר אֲחֹתוֹ֮ אֶל־בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֒ הַאֵלֵ֗ךְ וְקָרָ֤אתִי לָךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת וְתֵינִ֥ק לָ֖ךְ אֶת־הַיָּֽלֶד׃
2:7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and get you a Hebrew nurse to suckle the child for you?”
2:7 Then said his sister to Pharaoh’s daughter: ‘Shall I go and call thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee?’
ב׳:ז׳ וַאֲמֶרֶת אֲחָתֵהּ לְבַת פַרְעֹה הַאֵיזִיל וְאִקְרֵי לִיךְ אִתְּתָא מֵינִקְתָּא מִן יְהוּדַיָתָא וְתוֹנִיק לִיךְ יָת רַבְיָא:
ב׳:ח׳ וַתֹּֽאמֶר־לָ֥הּ בַּת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ֑כִי וַתֵּ֙לֶךְ֙ הָֽעַלְמָ֔ה וַתִּקְרָ֖א אֶת־אֵ֥ם הַיָּֽלֶד׃
2:8 And Pharaoh’s daughter answered, “Yes.” So the girl went and called the child’s mother.
2:8 And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her: ‘Go.’ And the maiden went and called the child’s mother.
ב׳:ח׳ וַאֲמֶרֶת לַהּ בַּת פַּרְעֹה אֵיזִילִי וַאֲזָלַת עוּלֶמְתָּא וּקְרַת יָת אִמֵהּ דְרַבְיָא:
ב׳:ט׳ וַתֹּ֧אמֶר לָ֣הּ בַּת־פַּרְעֹ֗ה הֵילִ֜יכִי אֶת־הַיֶּ֤לֶד הַזֶּה֙ וְהֵינִקִ֣הוּ לִ֔י וַאֲנִ֖י אֶתֵּ֣ן אֶת־שְׂכָרֵ֑ךְ וַתִּקַּ֧ח הָאִשָּׁ֛ה הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַתְּנִיקֵֽהוּ׃
2:9 And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Take this child and nurse it for me, and I will pay your wages.” So the woman took the child and nursed it.
2:9 And Pharaoh’s daughter said unto her: ‘Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages.’ And the woman took the child, and nursed it.
ב׳:ט׳ וַאֲמֶרֶת לַהּ בַּת פַּרְעֹה אוֹבִילִי יָת רַבְיָא הָדֵין וְאוֹנְקִיהִי לִי וַאֲנָא אֶתֵּן יָת אַגְרָךְ וּנְסֵיבַת אִתְּתָא יָת רַבְיָא וְאוֹנִקְתֵּהּ:
ב׳:י׳ וַיִגְדַּ֣ל הַיֶּ֗לֶד וַתְּבִאֵ֙הוּ֙ לְבַת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ׃
2:10 When the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter, who made him her son. She named him Moses,aHeb. Mosheh from Egyptian for “born of”; here associated with mashah “draw out.” explaining, “I drew him out of the water.”
2:10 And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. And she called his name Moses, and said: ‘Because I drew him out of the water.’
ב׳:י׳ וּרְבָא רַבְיָא וְאַיְתִיתֵהּ לְבַת פַּרְעֹה וַהֲוָה לָהּ לְבָר וּקְרַת שְׁמֵהּ משֶׁה וַאֲמֶרֶת אֲרֵי מִן מַיָא שְׁחַלְתֵּהּ:
ב׳:י׳ אור החיים
1וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ וְגוֹ׳ וַתֹּאמֶר וְגוֹ׳. הִנֵּה תִּמְצָא שִׁנּוּי בִּקְרִיאַת שֵׁם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וְהַשְּׁבָטִים, כִּי לְכֻלָּם יַקְדִּים טַעַם הַשֵּׁם וְאַחַר כָּךְ הַשֵּׁם. בְּיִצְחָק (בראשית כא:ו) ״כָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ יִצְחַק וְגוֹ׳ וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יִצְחָק״, יַעֲקֹב (בראשית כה:כו) ״וְיָדוֹ אוֹחֶזֶת בַּעֲקֵב וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יַעֲקֹב״. בַּשְּׁבָטִים ״כִּי רָאָה ה׳ וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ רְאוּבֵן״ (בראשית כט:לב), ״כִּי שָׁמַע וְגוֹ׳ וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ שִׁמְעוֹן״ (בראשית כט:לג), וְכֵן עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ. מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן בִּקְרִיאַת שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה הִקְדִּים הַזְכָּרַת שְׁמוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ טַעַם הַשֵּׁם.
"And she called his name, etc. and she said, etc." Here we find a difference from the way Yitzchak and Yaakov and the tribes were named. For all of them, the meaning came before the name itself. For Yitzchak, (Breisheet 21:6), [Sarah said] "anyone who hears will laugh (Yitzchak) etc." and that is when she named him Yitzchak. For Yaakov, (Breisheet 25:26), 'his hand was holding the heel (Ekev) [of Esav] and he called him Yaakov.' With the tribes, [Leah said], 'For Hashem saw ... and she called him Reuven." (Breisheet 29:32), "For Hashem heard ... and she called him Shimon." (Breisheet 29:33) and so on in this manner.
2וְאוּלַי כִּי הָאִמָּהוֹת הָיוּ בַּעֲלֵי רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְהָיוּ מַשִּׂיגוֹת בְּחִינַת הַשֵּׁם, וּקְרִיאַת הַשֵּׁם הָיְתָה לְמַה שֶׁהָיוּ מְכַוְּנִים בּוֹ, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן קְרִיאַת שֵׁם מֹשֶׁה. מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב כִּי לֹא הִשִּׂיגָה לָדַעַת בְּחִינַת הַשֵּׁם, כִּי שְׁמוֹ נִפְלָאוֹת יַגִּיד. וְצֵא וּלְמַד מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר (חלק ג דף רעו; תיקונים תיקון סט) מַה יִרְמֹז שֵׁם זֶה. וַה׳ הַשָּׂם שֵׁמוֹת בָּאָרֶץ שָׂם בְּפִיהָ שֵׁם מֹשֶׁה, וּמַה שֶׁאָמְרָה הִיא בְּטַעַם הַשֵּׁם הוּא כִּי מִן הַמַּיִם מְשִׁיתִהוּ, וְלֹא יָדְעָה טַעַם זוּלַת זֶה:
Perhaps all the matriarchs possessed a measure of the Holy Spirit which enabled them to appreciate the deeper meaning of these names. Batya did not possess Holy Spirit so that her naming Moses did not reflect special insights on her part as to the deeper significance of that name. The Torah alludes to this by reversing the sequence in which it reports Moses being named. It is very interesting to read what the Zohar section 3, page 276 in the Tikkunim 69 writes about the allusions contained in the name. G'd inspired Batya to name Moses as she did; she herself was totally unaware of the additional implications of the name Moses. All she was aware of was that inasmuch as she had drawn him from the water that event should be reflected in his name.
3אוֹ יִרְצֶה הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר, כִּי זֹאת הָאִשָּׁה הֶעְלִימָה טַעַם הַשֵּׁם שֶׁלֹּא יִתְגַּלֶּה לַכֹּל, לְצַד כִּי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הָיָה הֵפֶךְ רְצוֹן כָּל עַמָּהּ, לְהַצִּיל אוֹתָם, שֶׁהֵם גָּזְרוּ עֲלֵיהֶם לְהַשְׁלִיכָם לַיְאוֹר וְהִיא תְּבַטֵּל עֲצָתָם לְרַע לָהֶם. לָזֶה לֹא פִּרְסְמָה טַעַם הַשֵּׁם אֶלָּא קְרָאַתּוּ סְתָם בְּלֹא טַעַם, וְהַכָּתוּב מוֹדִיעַ טַעְמָהּ שֶׁקְּרָאַתּוּ כָּךְ הוּא לְצַד שֶׁאָמְרָה ״כִּי מִן הַמַּיִם״.
It is also possible that Batya was very careful not to publicise the name Moses and what had inspired it seeing she had flouted both her father's and her people's wishes that the Jewish boy babies be killed. She did call the child Moses. The words: "for I have drawn him from the water," were revealed only by the Torah, not by her.

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