Parasha: Lech Lecha · Aliyah: Fourth (Netzach)

Genesis 14:1–14:20
י"ד:א׳ וַיְהִ֗י בִּימֵי֙ אַמְרָפֶ֣ל מֶֽלֶךְ־שִׁנְעָ֔ר אַרְי֖וֹךְ מֶ֣לֶךְ אֶלָּסָ֑ר כְּדָרְלָעֹ֙מֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ עֵילָ֔ם וְתִדְעָ֖ל מֶ֥לֶךְ גּוֹיִֽם׃
14:1 Now, when King Amraphel of Shinar, King Arioch of Ellasar, King Chedorlaomer of Elam, and King Tidal of Goiim
14:1 And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim,
י"ד:א׳ וַהֲוָה בְּיוֹמֵי אַמְרָפֶל מַלְכָּא דְבָבֶל אַרְיוֹךְ מַלְכָּא דְאֶלָּסָר כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר מַלְכָּא דְעֵילָם וְתִדְעָל מַלְכָּא דְעַמְמֵי:
י"ד:א׳ אור החיים
1וַיְהִי בִּימֵי וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם סֵדֶר הוֹדָעַת הָעִנְיָן, לוֹמַר כִּי אַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים אֵלּוּ תַּקִּיפִים הָיוּ. צֵא וּלְמַד עֵזֶר אֱלֹהִים שֶׁעִם אַבְרָהָם אֲשֶׁר מָחָה הָאַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים בַּחֲצִי הַלַּיְלָה וּשְׁאָר הַתּוֹעֲלִיּוֹת.
ויהי בימי אמרפל, It was during the reign of Amrafel, etc. The reason the Torah introduces this chapter here is to show that these four kingdoms were the super-powers during that period. Once we have been informed of the exploits of these kings, Abraham's victory when he rescued Lot can be seen in its proper perspective.
י"ד:ב׳ עָשׂ֣וּ מִלְחָמָ֗ה אֶת־בֶּ֙רַע֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ סְדֹ֔ם וְאֶת־בִּרְשַׁ֖ע מֶ֣לֶךְ עֲמֹרָ֑ה שִׁנְאָ֣ב ׀ מֶ֣לֶךְ אַדְמָ֗ה וְשֶׁמְאֵ֙בֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ צביים [צְבוֹיִ֔ים] וּמֶ֥לֶךְ בֶּ֖לַע הִיא־צֹֽעַר׃
14:2 made war on King Bera of Sodom, King Birsha of Gomorrah, King Shinab of Admah, King Shemeber of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar,
14:2 that they made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela—the same is Zoar.
י"ד:ב׳ סְדָרוּ (נ"י עֲבַדוּ) קְרָבָא עִם בֶּרַע מַלְכָּא דִסְדֹם וְעִם בִּרְשַׁע מַלְכָּא דַעֲמֹרָה שִׁנְאָב מַלְכָּא דְאַדְמָה וְשֶׁמְאֵבֶר מַלְכָּא דִצְבוֹיִם וּמַלְכָּא דְבֶלַע הִיא צֹעַר:
שמאבר. שָׂם אֵבֶר לָעוּף וְלִקְפֹּץ וְלִמְרֹד בְּהַקָּבָּ"ה:
י"ד:ג׳ כָּל־אֵ֙לֶּה֙ חָֽבְר֔וּ אֶל־עֵ֖מֶק הַשִּׂדִּ֑ים ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַמֶּֽלַח׃
14:3 all the latter joined forces at the Valley of Siddim, now the Dead Sea.aHeb. “Salt Sea.”
14:3 All these came as allies unto the vale of Siddim—the same is the Salt Sea.
י"ד:ג׳ כָּל אִלֵּין אִתְכְּנָשׁוּ לְמֵישַׁר חַקְלַיָּא הוּא אֲתַר יַמָּא דְמִלְחָא:
י"ד:ד׳ שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה עָבְד֖וּ אֶת־כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר וּשְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה מָרָֽדוּ׃
14:4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
14:4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled.
י"ד:ד׳ תַּרְתֵּא עַשְׂרֵי שְׁנִין פְּלָחוּ יָת כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר וּתְלָת עַשְׂרֵי שְׁנִין מְרָדוּ:
י"ד:ה׳ וּבְאַרְבַּע֩ עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה שָׁנָ֜ה בָּ֣א כְדָרְלָעֹ֗מֶר וְהַמְּלָכִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ וַיַּכּ֤וּ אֶת־רְפָאִים֙ בְּעַשְׁתְּרֹ֣ת קַרְנַ֔יִם וְאֶת־הַזּוּזִ֖ים בְּהָ֑ם וְאֵת֙ הָֽאֵימִ֔ים בְּשָׁוֵ֖ה קִרְיָתָֽיִם׃
14:5 In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer and the kings who were with him came and defeated the Rephaim at Ashteroth-karnaim, the Zuzim at Ham, the Emim at Shaveh-kiriathaim,
14:5 And in the fourteenth year came Chedorlaomer and the kings that were with him, and smote the Rephaim in Ashteroth-karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh-kiriathaim,
י"ד:ה׳ וּבְאַרְבַּע עַשְׂרֵי שְׁנִין אֲתָא כְדָרְלָעֹמֶר וּמַלְכַיָּא דְּעִמֵּיהּ וּמְחוֹ יָת גִּבָּרַיָּא דִּי בְעַשְׁתְּרוֹת קַרְנַיִם וְיָת תַּקִּיפַיָּא דִּבְהֶמְתָּא וְיָת אֵימְתָנֵי דִּבְשָׁוֵה קִרְיָתָיִם:
י"ד:ו׳ וְאֶת־הַחֹרִ֖י בְּהַרְרָ֣ם שֵׂעִ֑יר עַ֚ד אֵ֣יל פָּארָ֔ן אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃
14:6 and the Horites in their hill country of Seir as far as El-paran, which is by the wilderness.
14:6 and the Horites in their mount Seir, unto El-paran, which is by the wilderness.
י"ד:ו׳ וְיָת חוֹרָאֵי דִּי בְטוּרְהוֹן דְּשֵׂעִיר עַד מֵישַׁר פָּארָן דִּסְמִיךְ עַל מַדְבְּרָא:
י"ד:ז׳ וַ֠יָּשֻׁבוּ וַיָּבֹ֜אוּ אֶל־עֵ֤ין מִשְׁפָּט֙ הִ֣וא קָדֵ֔שׁ וַיַּכּ֕וּ אֶֽת־כָּל־שְׂדֵ֖ה הָעֲמָלֵקִ֑י וְגַם֙ אֶת־הָ֣אֱמֹרִ֔י הַיֹּשֵׁ֖ב בְּחַֽצְצֹ֥ן תָּמָֽר׃
14:7 On their way back they came to En-mishpat, which is Kadesh, and subdued all the territory of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites who dwelt in Hazazon-tamar.
14:7 And they turned back, and came to En-mishpat—the same is Kadesh—and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazazon-tamar.
י"ד:ז׳ וְתָבוּ וַאֲתוּ לְמֵישַׁר פִּלּוּג דִּינָא הִיא רְקָם וּמְחוֹ יָת כָּל חֲקַל עֲמַלְקָאָה וְאַף יָת אֱמוֹרָאָה דְּיָתֵיב בְּעֵין גֶּדִי:
בחצצון תמר. הוּא עֵין גֶּדִי, מִקְרָא מָלֵא בְּדִבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (ב' כ') בִּיהוֹשָׁפָט:
י"ד:ח׳ וַיֵּצֵ֨א מֶֽלֶךְ־סְדֹ֜ם וּמֶ֣לֶךְ עֲמֹרָ֗ה וּמֶ֤לֶךְ אַדְמָה֙ וּמֶ֣לֶךְ צביים [צְבוֹיִ֔ם] וּמֶ֥לֶךְ בֶּ֖לַע הִוא־צֹ֑עַר וַיַּֽעַרְכ֤וּ אִתָּם֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה בְּעֵ֖מֶק הַשִּׂדִּֽים׃
14:8 Then the king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Admah, the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar, went forth and engaged them in battle in the Valley of Siddim:
14:8 And there went out the king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela—the same is Zoar; and they set the battle in array against them in the vale of Siddim;
י"ד:ח׳ וּנְפַק מַלְכָּא דִסְדוֹם וּמַלְכָּא דַעֲמוֹרָה וּמַלְכָּא דְאַדְמָה וּמַלְכָּא דִצְבוֹיִם וּמַלְכָּא דְבֶלַע הִיא צוֹעַר וְסַדָּרוּ עִמְּהוֹן קְרָבָא בְּמֵישַׁר חַקְלַיָּא:
י"ד:ט׳ אֵ֣ת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֜מֶר מֶ֣לֶךְ עֵילָ֗ם וְתִדְעָל֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גּוֹיִ֔ם וְאַמְרָפֶל֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ שִׁנְעָ֔ר וְאַרְי֖וֹךְ מֶ֣לֶךְ אֶלָּסָ֑ר אַרְבָּעָ֥ה מְלָכִ֖ים אֶת־הַחֲמִשָּֽׁה׃
14:9 King Chedorlaomer of Elam, King Tidal of Goiim, King Amraphel of Shinar, and King Arioch of Ellasar—four kings against those five.
14:9 against Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings against the five.
י"ד:ט׳ עִם כְּדָרְלָעֹמֶר מַלְכָּא דְעֵילָם וְתִדְעָל מַלְכָּא דְעַמְמִין וְאַמְרָפֶל מַלְכָּא דְבָבֶל וְאַרְיוֹךְ מַלְכָּא דְאֶלָּסָר אַרְבְּעָה מַלְכִין לָקֳבֵיל חַמְשָׁא:
י"ד:י׳ וְעֵ֣מֶק הַשִׂדִּ֗ים בֶּֽאֱרֹ֤ת בֶּאֱרֹת֙ חֵמָ֔ר וַיָּנֻ֛סוּ מֶֽלֶךְ־סְדֹ֥ם וַעֲמֹרָ֖ה וַיִּפְּלוּ־שָׁ֑מָּה וְהַנִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים הֶ֥רָה נָּֽסוּ׃
14:10 Now the Valley of Siddim was dotted with bitumen pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, in their flight, threw themselves into them, while the rest escaped to the hill country.
14:10 Now the vale of Siddim was full of slime pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and they that remained fled to the mountain.
י"ד:י׳ וּמֵישַׁר חַקְלַיָּא בֵּירִין בֵּירִין מַסְקַן חֵימָרָא וַעֲרָקוּ מַלְכָּא דִסְדוֹם וַעֲמוֹרָה וּנְפָלוּ תַמָּן וּדְאִשְׁתָּאָרוּ לְטוּרָא עֲרָקוּ:
י"ד:י"א וַ֠יִּקְחוּ אֶת־כָּל־רְכֻ֨שׁ סְדֹ֧ם וַעֲמֹרָ֛ה וְאֶת־כָּל־אָכְלָ֖ם וַיֵּלֵֽכוּ׃
14:11 [The invaders] seized all the wealth of Sodom and Gomorrah and all their provisions, and went their way.
14:11 And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their victuals, and went their way.
י"ד:י"א וּשְׁבוֹ יָת כָּל קִנְיָנָא דִסְדוֹם וַעֲמוֹרָה וְיָת כָּל מֵיכָלְהוֹן וַאֲזָלוּ:
י"ד:י"ב וַיִּקְח֨וּ אֶת־ל֧וֹט וְאֶת־רְכֻשׁ֛וֹ בֶּן־אֲחִ֥י אַבְרָ֖ם וַיֵּלֵ֑כוּ וְה֥וּא יֹשֵׁ֖ב בִּסְדֹֽם׃
14:12 They also took Lot, the son of Abram’s brother, and his possessions, and departed; for he had settled in Sodom.
14:12 And they took Lot, Abram’s brother’s son, who dwelt in Sodom, and his goods, and departed.
י"ד:י"ב וּשְׁבוֹ יָת לוֹט וְיָת קִנְיָנֵיהּ בַּר אֲחוּהִי דְאַבְרָם וַאֲזָלוּ וְהוּא יָתֵב בִּסְדוֹם:
י"ד:י"ב אור החיים
1וַיִּקְחוּ וְגוֹ׳ בֶּן אֲחִי אַבְרָם וְגוֹ׳. טַעַם שֶׁהֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״בֶּן אֲחִי אַבְרָם״, גַּם טַעַם אָמְרוֹ וְהוּא יֹשֵׁב בִּסְדֹם לְלֹא צֹרֶךְ, שֶׁכְּבָר יָדַעְנוּ כִּי שָׁם קָנָה מְקוֹמוֹ, יְכַוֵּן לוֹמַר שֶׁהַמְּלָכִים יָדְעוּ כִּי לוֹט זֶה הוּא בֶּן אֲחִי אַבְרָם וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לָקְחוּ אוֹתוֹ וְהוֹלִיכוּהוּ בַּשִּׁבְיָה, וְנָתַן הַכָּתוּב הַטַּעַם שֶׁלֹּא חָשְׁשׁוּ לִכְבוֹד אַבְרָהָם, וְהוּא הָיָה נִכְבָּד וּמְעֻלֶּה בְּעֵינֵי כָּל הָעוֹלָם כִּי לֶהֱיוֹתוֹ יוֹשֵׁב בִּסְדֹם, וְהוּא עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה: מוֹאָב טָהַר בְּסִיחוֹן, עַד כָּאן. הֲרֵי שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁפָּטַר ה׳ מוֹאָב מִיַּד יִשְׂרָאֵל (דברים ב:ט) כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּמְצְאוּ בְּסִיחוֹן הֻתַּר לָהֶם. כְּמוֹ כֵן לוֹט הֲגַם הֱיוֹתוֹ בֶּן אָחִיו שֶׁל אִישׁ שְׁלוֹמָם אַף עַל פִּי כֵן כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּמְצָא בִּסְדֹם הֻתַּר לָהֶם. וּבָזֶה מָצָאנוּ נַחַת רוּחַ לְטַעַם אַבְרָהָם אֲשֶׁר לֹא קָרָא לְשָׁלוֹם לְאַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים לְהָשִׁיב לוֹט וְאִם לֹא יַשְׁלִימוּ אָז יַכֵּם כַּאֲשֶׁר הִכָּם, אֶלָּא הַטַּעַם הוּא לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁיָּדוּעַ הָיָה לָהֶם לוֹט הֱיוֹתוֹ בֶּן אֲחִי אַבְרָהָם, וְלָזֶה רָמַז הַכָּתוּב בְּאָמְרוֹ וַיִּשְׁמַע וְגוֹ׳ כִּי נִשְׁבָּה אָחִיו, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁנִּשְׁבָּה אַחַר שֶׁיָּדוּעַ שֶׁהָיָה אָחִיו שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם וּבָזֶה גִּלּוּ כִּי אוֹיְבֵי אַבְרָהָם הֵם, וְלָזֶה רָדַף אַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיַּכֵּם׃
ויקחו את לוט, They took Lot, etc. The reason the Torah adds that Lot was Abraham's nephew and that he lived in Sodom, something we have known for a long time, is to tell us that these kings were very well aware of who Lot was. This did not deter them from taking Lot captive. The Torah stresses that these kings deliberately ignored the fact that they were provoking a man of international repute when they took his nephew into captivity. None of this would have happened to Lot had he not chosen to live in Sodom. The matter can be compared to Israel capturing a substantial part of Moab though G'd had forbidden Israel to provoke war with Moab or to attack it (Deut. 2,9). Once the Emorite king Sichon had defeated Moab in war, the lands captured by Sichon were no longer considered as Moabite territory, and Israel took possession of them. Here too, once Lot had chosen to throw in his lot with the Sodomites he was no longer considered as part of Abraham's entourage, and was not entitled to the protection Abraham could have afforded him. This also explains why Abraham did not try to secure Lot's release by peaceful means. He knew that the 4 kings knew very well whom they had taken prisoner. If Lot's relationship with Abraham had not stopped them, there was no point for Abraham to warn those kings before attacking them. Lot's capture was a hostile act against Abraham.
2וְאִם תֹּאמַר: הֲלֹא הַדִּין הוּא עִם אַרְבָּעָה מְלָכִים שֶׁלְּקָחוּהוּ מִתּוֹךְ הָעִיר הַמּוֹרֶדֶת בָּהֶם. וְיֵשׁ לוֹמַר שֶׁמַּה שֶׁאָנוּ אוֹמְרִים טָהֲרוּ בְּסִיחוֹן הוּא לְאֻמָּה שֶׁאֵין לָנוּ עִמָּהּ לֹא שָׁלוֹם וְלֹא מִלְחָמָה, אֲבָל אַנְשֵׁי שָׁלוֹם לֹא נָדִין לִשְׁבּוֹתָם, וְצֵא וּלְמַד מַה שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לַקֵּינִי שֶׁצִּוּוּ עָלָיו (שמואל א ט״ו:ו׳) ״סּוּרוּ רְדוּ מִתּוֹךְ עֲמָלֵקִי״ וְגוֹ׳, וּכְמוֹ כֵן הָיָה לָהֶם לְצַוּוֹת עָלָיו לַעֲבֹר מִבֵּינֵיהֶם אִם הֵם אַנְשֵׁי שָׁלוֹם עִם אַבְרָהָם.
Should you argue that the four kings had merely reacted against the insubordination of the five kings associated with the king of Sodom, and that Lot was their legitimate booty, as per the comparison we have drawn with Sichon and the Moabites, this is not an accurate comparison after all. That comparison was valid when there existed neither a state of peace nor a state of war between two parties. Abraham and the four kings were at peace, and the four kings should have warned Lot to leave Sodom before making war just as did King Saul with the Kenites before he attacked the Amalekites (Samuel I 15,6).
י"ד:י"ג וַיָּבֹא֙ הַפָּלִ֔יט וַיַּגֵּ֖ד לְאַבְרָ֣ם הָעִבְרִ֑י וְהוּא֩ שֹׁכֵ֨ן בְּאֵֽלֹנֵ֜י מַמְרֵ֣א הָאֱמֹרִ֗י אֲחִ֤י אֶשְׁכֹּל֙ וַאֲחִ֣י עָנֵ֔ר וְהֵ֖ם בַּעֲלֵ֥י בְרִית־אַבְרָֽם׃
14:13 A fugitive brought the news to Abram the Hebrew, who was dwelling at the terebinths of Mamre the Amorite, kinsman of Eshkol and Aner, these being Abram’s allies.
14:13 And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew—now he dwelt by the terebinths of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner; and these were confederate with Abram.
י"ד:י"ג וַאֲתָא מְשֵׁיזָבָא וְחַוִּי לְאַבְרָם עִבְרָאָה וְהוּא שָׁרֵי בְּמֵישְׁרֵי מַמְרֵא אֱמוֹרָאָה אֲחוּהִי דְאֶשְׁכּוֹל וַאֲחוּהִי דְעָנֵר וְאִנּוּן אֱנָשֵׁי קְיָמֵיהּ דְּאַבְרָם:
י"ד:י"ד וַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע אַבְרָ֔ם כִּ֥י נִשְׁבָּ֖ה אָחִ֑יו וַיָּ֨רֶק אֶת־חֲנִיכָ֜יו יְלִידֵ֣י בֵית֗וֹ שְׁמֹנָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ וּשְׁלֹ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת וַיִּרְדֹּ֖ף עַד־דָּֽן׃
14:14 When Abram heard that his kinsman had been taken captive, he mustered his retainers,bMeaning of Heb. ḥanikh uncertain. born into his household, numbering three hundred and eighteen, and went in pursuit as far as Dan.
14:14 And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, he led forth his trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan.
י"ד:י"ד וּשְׁמַע אַבְרָם אֲרֵי אִשְׁתְּבִי אֲחוּהִי וְזָרֵיז יָת עוּלֵמוֹהִי יְלִידֵי בֵיתֵיהּ תְּלָת מְאָה וְתַמְנֵי עֲסַר וּרְדַף עַד דָּן:
י"ד:ט"ו וַיֵּחָלֵ֨ק עֲלֵיהֶ֧ם ׀ לַ֛יְלָה ה֥וּא וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וַיַּכֵּ֑ם וַֽיִּרְדְּפֵם֙ עַד־חוֹבָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִשְּׂמֹ֖אל לְדַמָּֽשֶׂק׃
14:15 At night, he and his servants deployed against them and defeated them; and he pursued them as far as Hobah, which is north of Damascus.
14:15 And he divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
י"ד:ט"ו וְאִתְפְּלֵג עֲלֵיהוֹן לֵילְיָא הוּא וְעַבְדוֹהִי וּמְחוֹנוּן וּרְדָפִנּוּן עַד חוֹבָה דִּי מִצִּפּוּנָא לְדַמָּשֶׂק:
י"ד:ט"ז וַיָּ֕שֶׁב אֵ֖ת כָּל־הָרְכֻ֑שׁ וְגַם֩ אֶת־ל֨וֹט אָחִ֤יו וּרְכֻשׁוֹ֙ הֵשִׁ֔יב וְגַ֥ם אֶת־הַנָּשִׁ֖ים וְאֶת־הָעָֽם׃
14:16 He brought back all the possessions; he also brought back his kinsman Lot and his possessions, and the women and the rest of the people.
14:16 And he brought back all the goods, and also brought back his brother Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people.
י"ד:ט"ז וַאֲתֵב יָת כָּל קִנְיָנָא וְאַף יָת לוֹט בַּר אֲחוּהִי וְקִנְיָנֵיהּ אֲתֵיב וְאַף יָת נְשַׁיָּא וְיָת עַמָּא:
י"ד:ט"ז אור החיים
1וְגַם אֶת לוֹט וְגוֹ׳. הֲגַם שֶׁעִקַּר רְדִיפָתוֹ הָיְתָה עָלָיו וְאוֹתוֹ הָיָה לוֹ לְהַקְדִּים, הוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב סֵדֶר הַהַצְלָחוֹת בְּדֶרֶךְ ״לֹא זוֹ אַף זוֹ״: א׳ הֵשִׁיב הָרְכוּשׁ שֶׁל הַמְּלָכִים, הַצְלָחָה ב׳ שֶׁהֵשִׁיב לוֹט וְלֹא שְׂרָפוּהוּ הַמְּלָכִים בִּרְאוֹתָם בַּמִּלְחָמָה עִם אַבְרָהָם לִנְקָמָה. וְהוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁנָּתַן דַּעְתּוֹ לְהָשִׁיב הַנָּשִׁים וְהַטַּף לְצַד כָּבוֹד שֶׁעָשׂוּ לְלוֹט.
וגם את לוט ואת רכושו השיב, and he also restored Lot and his possessions. Although the whole exercise was designed only to rescue Lot, the Torah first reports Abraham's spectacular military accomplishments and how he restored their property to the five kings. The reason Abraham restored the women and children to the kings of Sodom was in recognition of the fact that they had treated Lot with respect and honour.
י"ד:י"ז וַיֵּצֵ֣א מֶֽלֶךְ־סְדֹם֮ לִקְרָאתוֹ֒ אַחֲרֵ֣י שׁוּב֗וֹ מֵֽהַכּוֹת֙ אֶת־כְּדָרלָעֹ֔מֶר וְאֶת־הַמְּלָכִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֑וֹ אֶל־עֵ֣מֶק שָׁוֵ֔ה ה֖וּא עֵ֥מֶק הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃
14:17 When he returned from defeating Chedorlaomer and the kings with him, the king of Sodom came out to meet him in the Valley of Shaveh, which is the Valley of the King.
14:17 And the king of Sodom went out to meet him, after his return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer and the kings that were with him, at the vale of Shaveh—the same is the King’s Vale.
י"ד:י"ז וּנְפַק מַלְכָּא דִסְדוֹם לְקַדָּמוּתֵיהּ בָּתַר דְּתָב מִלְּמִמְחֵי יָת כְּדָרְלָעוֹמֶר וְיָת מַלְכַיָּא דִּי עִמֵּיהּ לְמֵישַׁר מַפְנָא הוּא אֲתַר בֵּית רֵיסָא דְמַלְכָּא:
י"ד:י"ח וּמַלְכִּי־צֶ֙דֶק֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ שָׁלֵ֔ם הוֹצִ֖יא לֶ֣חֶם וָיָ֑יִן וְה֥וּא כֹהֵ֖ן לְאֵ֥ל עֶלְיֽוֹן׃
14:18 And King Melchizedek of Salem brought out bread and wine; he was a priest of God Most High.cHeb. El ‘Elyon.
14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine; and he was priest of God the Most High.
י"ד:י"ח וּמַלְכִּי צֶדֶק מַלְכָּא דִירוּשְׁלֶם אַפֵּיק לְחֵם וַחֲמָר וְהוּא מְשַׁמֵּשׁ קֳדָם אֵל עִלָּאָה:
י"ד:י"ח אור החיים
1וּמַלְכִּי צֶדֶק וְגוֹ׳. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ (נדרים לב:) כִּי הוּא שֵׁם. וְטַעַם שֶׁהִפְסִיק בְּעִנְיַן מֶלֶךְ שָׁלֵם בֵּין יְצִיאַת מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם לְהוֹדָעַת דְּבָרָיו אֶל אַבְרָהָם וְכוּ׳, לְהַגִּיד שֶׁבַח הַצַּדִּיקִים מַה בֵּינָם לְבֵין הָרְשָׁעִים, כִּי מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם יָצָא לִקְרַאת אַבְרָהָם לִרְאוֹת פָּנָיו רֵיקָם, הֲגַם שֶׁאֵלָיו יְחֻיַּב לְהַקְבִּיל פְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם בְּמִנְחָה כְּיַד הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְהוּא הָרָשָׁע יָצָא בְּיָדַיִם רֵיקָנִיּוֹת, וְשֵׁם הַצַּדִּיק מִבְּלִי חִיּוּב נְדִיבוּת יָעַץ וְהִקְבִּיל פָּנָיו בְּלֶחֶם וָיָיִן.
ומלכי צדק מלך שלם, And Malki Tzedek the king of Salem, etc. Our sages (Midrash Aggadah) claim that Malki Tzedek was identical with Noach's son Shem. The reason that the Torah interrupts the report of Lot's rescue by reporting Malki Tzedek's arrival is to contrast his behaviour with that of the king of Sodom. Whereas Malki Tzedek came with gifts and a blessing though Abraham had done nothing for him, the king of Sodom came empty-handed although he owed Abraham a great debt of gratitude for having saved both his life and his kingdom. The Torah merely shows the difference between the behaviour of the wicked and that of the just.
2עוֹד יִרְצֶה עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יומא כח:) קִיֵּם אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ אֲפִלּוּ עֵרוּבֵי תַבְשִׁילִין שֶׁהֵם תִּקּוּנֵי רַבָּנָן, וְלָזֶה הוֹדִיעָנוּ הַכָּתוּב, כִּי אַבְרָהָם שַׂר וְגָדוֹל וּמְכֻבָּד בְּעֵינֵי הַכֹּל הָיָה, וּכְשֶׁיָּצָא לִקְרָאתוֹ מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם מִן הַסְּתָם יְקַבֵּל פָּנָיו בִּתְשׁוּרַת לֶחֶם לוֹ וְלַעֲבָדָיו וְאַנְשֵׁי מִלְחַמְתּוֹ, וּלְצַד כִּי אַבְרָהָם יִפְרֹשׁ מִמַּאֲכָלָם, מֵהַלֶּחֶם מִשּׁוּם פַּת שֶׁל גּוֹיִם, וְהַיַּיִן מִשּׁוּם סְתָם יֵינָם, לָזֶה נִתְחַכֵּם וְנִשְׁתַּדֵּל מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה תְּשׁוּרַת הָאֲכִילָה עַל יַד נֶאֱמָן שֶׁהוּא שֵׁם וּמִיָּדוֹ שֶׁל שֵׁם לְיָדוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם. וְחִדּוּשׁ הִשְׁמִיעָנוּ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ לֶחֶם וְיַיִן שֶׁאֵינָן אֶלָּא מִדְּרַבָּנָן הִקְפִּיד אַבְרָהָם, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן שְׁאָר דְּבָרִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם חֲשַׁשׁ אִסּוּר תּוֹרָה.
Another way of looking at this episode is based on our sages who credited Abraham with not only observing the commandments which would later on be legislated in the Torah ( Yuma 28), but even observing Rabbinic ordinances such as עירובי תבשילין. In view of Abraham's personal piety the king of Sodom was well aware that he would not eat food or drink wine presented to him by an idolator. In order to save himself such an embarassment the king chose Malki Tzedek to be the messenger who would present this gift to Abraham. [You will note that it does not say that Abraham partook of either bread or wine contrary to his custom when he prepared a meal for Avimelech, for instance. Ed.] According to all this the Torah teaches us here that Abraham would not even eat foods which are forbidden only by Rabbinic injunction.
3עוֹד יִרְצֶה הַכָּתוּב לְהוֹדִיעַ טַעַם אֲשֶׁר מִמֶּנּוּ עָלָה עַל דַּעַת מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם לוֹמַר לְאַבְרָהָם ״וְהָרְכוּשׁ קַח לָךְ״ וְלֹא שָׁאַל הַכֹּל, לָזֶה אָמַר וַיֵּצֵא מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם לִקְרָאתוֹ וְאַחַר צֵאתוֹ יָצָא מֶלֶךְ שָׁלֵם וְכוּ׳, וְנָתַן לוֹ אַבְרָהָם מַעֲשֵׂר מִכֹּל. מִזֶּה הִרְגִּישׁ מֶלֶךְ סְדוֹם, כִּי הֲרֵי זֶה מַגִּיד כִּי קִנְיָנָיו הֵם, שֶׁאֵין אָדָם מְעַשֵּׂר מִמַּה שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ. לָזֶה שָׁאַל מִמֶּנּוּ הַנֶּפֶשׁ, וְהָרְכוּשׁ אַסְכִּים לְדַעְתְּךָ שֶׁתִּקָּחֵם לְךָ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ קַח לָךְ, וַהֲרֵי זֶה מַגִּיד כִּי עוֹד הָיָה לוֹ טַעֲנָה לְהַחְזִיק בַּכֹּל. וּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנֵס עִמּוֹ בְּמַחְלוֹקֶת פִּשֵּׁר וְאָמַר: תֶּן לִי הַנֶּפֶשׁ, וְהָרְכוּשׁ לֹא אֵרֵד עִמְּךָ לְדִין אֶלָּא הֲרֵינִי מַסְכִּים שֶׁתִּקָּחֶנּוּ. וְעַיֵּן טַעַם הַדָּבָר בְּפֵרוּשׁ פָּסוּק ״תֶּן לִי הַנֶּפֶשׁ״׃
The Torah also wants to teach us how it was that the king of Sodom offered the loot of the war (property previously owned by the four kings) to Abraham instead of demanding both the prisoners and the property. The king of Sodom had observed that Abraham tithed the loot to Malki Tzedek in the latter's capacity as G'd's priest. He understood that one does not tithe matters which do not belong to one. Inasmuch as Abraham apparently considered the loot as his own, the king of Sodom did not give away anything when he made the apparently generous offer for Abraham to keep the loot.
4וְהוּא כֹהֵן וְגוֹ׳. פֵּירוּשׁ: הוּא כֹּהֵן, אֲבָל זַרְעוֹ אֵינוֹ כֹּהֵן, שֶׁנִּתְּנָה כְּהוּנָּה לְאַבְרָהָם, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קי:ד) ״אַתָּה כֹהֵן לְעוֹלָם״. וְאָמְרוֹ ״עַל דִּבְרָתִי מַלְכִּי צֶדֶק״, כִּי הוּא בֵּרַךְ אֶת אַבְרָהָם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה כֹּהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן, וּבִרְצוֹנוֹ נָתַן הַדָּבָר לְאַבְרָהָם כַּאֲשֶׁר אֲבָאֵר.
והוא כהן לאל עליון, and he was a priest of the Supreme G'd. The emphasis on the word הוא indicates that only he was a priest, not his descendants. The priesthood was conferred upon Abraham as we know from Psalms 110,4: אתה בהן לעולם, "You are a priest forever." The Psalmist refers to the blessing conferred upon Abraham by Malki Tzedek. I will still explain that Malki Tzedek conferred the priesthood upon Abraham willingly.
5וְאָמְרוֹ לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם אֱלוֹהוֹת אֶמְצָעִיִּים כַּיָּדוּעַ לַכְּסִילִים, אָמַר כִּי זֶה כֹּהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן עַל כָּל הָאֱלוֹהוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ לָהֶם אָז. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוּ (נדרים לב:) כִּי בְּעָוֹן שֶׁהִקְדִּים בִּרְכַּת אַבְרָהָם לְבִרְכַּת קוֹנוֹ נִטְּלָה מִמֶּנּוּ כְּהוּנָה, וּלְדִבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוֹ וְהוּא כֹהֵן תִּתְפָּרֵשׁ גַּם כֵּן לְמַעֵט מִשָּׁם וָהָלְאָה, שֶׁמִּעֲטוֹ הַכָּתוּב עַל חַטָּאתוֹ הָאָמוּר בָּעִנְיָן, וַהֲגַם שֶׁהִקְדִּים הַמִּעוּט לַחֵטְא, מַה בְּכָךְ, כִּי הַתּוֹרָה נִכְתְּבָה אַחַר כָּךְ.
The words "of the Supreme G'd," are necessary as there were many priests of many deities. Our sages (Nedarim 32) claim that Malki Tzedek lost his priesthood because he blessed Abraham before he blessed G'd. Accordingly we would have to understand the words: "and he was a priest" to mean that his priesthood was something of the past. He forfeited it by slighting G'd. The fact that the Torah did not report the unfortunate wording of Malki Tzedek's blessing until after hinting that he had already forfeited the priesthood is irrelevant because the Torah was not written till after the event.
י"ד:י"ט וַֽיְבָרְכֵ֖הוּ וַיֹּאמַ֑ר בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙ לְאֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָאָֽרֶץ׃
14:19 He blessed him, saying, “Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth.
14:19 And he blessed him, and said: ‘Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Maker of heaven and earth;
י"ד:י"ט וּבָרְכֵיהּ וַאֲמָר בְּרִיךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עִלָּאָה דִּקִנְיָנֵיהּ שְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא:
י"ד:י"ט אור החיים
1וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת אִם הַבְּרָכָה שֶׁבֵּרְכוֹ הִיא הַמֻּזְכֶּרֶת בָּעִנְיָן ״בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם״, אִם כֵּן לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר ״וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ״, וְרוֹאַנִי מֵאָמְרוֹ ״בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם״ שֶׁבֵּרְכוֹ. עוֹד הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר ״וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ לֵאמֹר בָּרוּךְ״ וְגוֹ׳, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (בראשית מח:כ) ״וַיְבָרְכֵם בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לֵאמֹר״ וְגוֹ׳.
ויברכהו ויאמר. He blessed him and said, etc. We need to understand whether the blessing which the Torah mentions here, i.e. ברוך אבדם, is the gist of the blessing. If that were so, why did the Torah have to introduce it with the words ויברכהו, "he blessed him?" I believe that the words ברוך אברם allude to an additional blessing. Were this not so, the expression ויברכהו should have been followed by the word לאמר.
2אָכֵן הַכַּוָּנָה הִיא: מִתְּחִלָּה בֵּרַךְ אַבְרָהָם, פֵּרוּשׁ בְּרָכָה הַנּוֹגַעַת לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִפּוֹל בְּיַד אוֹיְבָיו וְיִישַׁר חֵילֵיהּ, שֶׁהֵם בְּרָכוֹת הַגּוּפָנִיּוֹת. וְאַחַר כָּךְ אָמַר עִנְיָן אַחֵר, לְצַד עִלָּאָה יְמַלֵּל, ״בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם״, וּבִרְכָתוֹ תִּהְיֶה לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן שֶׁהוּא יַעֲבוֹד הָאֵל, וְשֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעוּתוֹ יִהְיֶה הָאֵל קוֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ. וְכָךְ הָיָה, שֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעוּת אַבְרָהָם נָתַן הַשֵּׁם חַיֵּי עוֹלָם לְבָנָיו וְנִתְקַיְּמוּ שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, וּכְאָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (עבודה זרה ג.) שֶׁתְּנַאי הִתְנָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִם מַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית וְכוּ׳, וּכְאָמְרָם (שבת פח.) בְּפָסוּק (תהלים עו:ט) ״אֶרֶץ יָרְאָה״ וְגוֹ׳. הֲרֵי כִּי לוּלֵי אַבְרָהָם אֵין לַה׳ קִנְיָן שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, וְהָבֵן.
We must understand the matter as follows. First Malki Tzedek bestowed a blessing on Abraham which pertained to his personal wellbeing such as that his enemies should not be able to harm him, etc. Next he blessed him wishing him spiritual development a blessing directed to G'd who should allow Abraham to be His true servant. By being successful as a servant of the Lord, G'd Himself would be perceived by man as the owner of not only the heavens but also of the earth. He wished him that through him his descendants would acquire eternal life so that heaven and earth would endure forever. Our sages (compare Zohar 1,89) have expressed all this when they said that but for Abraham, G'd would not really have a true possession in either heaven or earth.
3עוֹד יִרְצֶה עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וְגוֹ׳, לְהַגִּיד בָּא כִּי שְׁתֵּי בְּרָכוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בִּדְבָרָיו הֵם בְּרָכוֹת הַנּוֹגְעִים לְאַבְרָהָם, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּרָכָה שֶׁאָמַר ״בָּרוּךְ אֵל עֶלְיוֹן אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּן״ הִיא בִּרְכַּת אַבְרָהָם, כְּשֶׁמִּתְבָּרֵךְ ה׳ בְּאֶמְצָעוּתוֹ אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּן וְגוֹ׳, וּלְעוֹלָם לֹא בֵּרֵךְ אֶלָּא בְּרָכוֹת הָאֲמוּרִים בָּעִנְיָן.
Even the closing words of Malki Tzedeks' blessing, i.e. אשר מגן צריך בידך which ostensibly seems to be a blessing conferred by G'd on Abraham, are a blessing conferred upon G'd. G'd considers Himself blessed through the existence of a human being such as Abraham.
י"ד:כ׳ וּבָרוּךְ֙ אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן אֲשֶׁר־מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖יךָ בְּיָדֶ֑ךָ וַיִּתֶּן־ל֥וֹ מַעֲשֵׂ֖ר מִכֹּֽל׃
14:20 And blessed be God Most High, Who has delivered your foes into your hand.” And [Abram] gave him a tenth of everything.
14:20 and blessed be God the Most High, who hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand.’ And he gave him a tenth of all.
י"ד:כ׳ וּבְרִיךְ אֵל עִלָּאָה דִּמְסַר סָנְאָךְ בִּידָךְ וִיהַב לֵיהּ חַד מִן עַסְרָא מִכֹּלָּא:
י"ד:כ׳ אור החיים
1וּבָרוּךְ אֵל עֶלְיוֹן. רַזַ״ל אָמְרוּ (נדרים לב:) שֶׁנֶּעֱנַשׁ עַל אֲשֶׁר אִחֵר בִּרְכַּת ה׳ וְהִקְדִּים בִּרְכַּת אַבְרָהָם, וְנִטְּלָה מִמֶּנּוּ הַכְּהוּנָה. וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁטַּעַם שֵׁם הוּא שֶׁלָּקַח סֵדֶר הַמַּעֲשֶׂה, כִּי אַבְרָהָם הוּא מֵעַצְמוֹ הִכִּיר בּוֹרְאוֹ וְהִשְׁתַּדֵּל בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ, וְאֵלָיו יֵאוֹת הַבְּרָכָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ בֵּרַךְ לַה׳ שֶׁנִּתְרַצָּה בּוֹ, וְכֵן רָאוּי לַעֲשׂוֹת. וּלְלַמֵּד הוּא בָּא שֶׁאֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְרַצֶּה אֶלָּא בְּמִי שֶׁמִּתְרַצֶּה בּוֹ קוֹדֵם, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן״ שֶׁהוּא הִכְשִׁיר עַצְמוֹ לִהְיוֹת עֶבֶד לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן, וְלָזֶה ״בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵל עֶלְיוֹן אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּן״ וְגוֹ׳. וְדֶרֶךְ זֶה לֹא יֻצְדַּק אֶלָּא בַּמְּבוֹרָךְ קוֹדֶם. וּכְפִי זֶה לֹא נֶעֱנַשׁ שֵׁם אֶלָּא הוּא מֵעַצְמוֹ נְתָנָהּ לְאַבְרָהָם וּכְמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּפָסוּק ״וְהוּא כֹהֵן״. אוֹ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁנֶּעֱנַשׁ עַל הַנִּשְׁמָע מִשִּׁטְחִיּוּת הַמַּאֲמָר, שֶׁנִּרְאֶה שֶׁלֹּא חָשׁ לְהַקְדִּים עֶבֶד לְרַבּוֹ, הֲגַם שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לְטוֹבָה, וּמָצִינוּ שֶׁיַּעֲנִישׁ ה׳ עַל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת.
וברוך אל עליון, "And blessed the Supreme G'd, etc." As already mentioned our sages say that Malki Tzedek was punished for putting G'd second in his list of blessings. He lost his priesthood because of this error. We must try and understand what prompted Malki Tzedek to commit such an error. Perhaps he thought that inasmuch as Abraham had come to recognise G'd without parental or anyone else's guidance, he deserved to receive a blessing first and foremost. Afterwards he blessed the Lord who had found pleasure in a human being such as Abraham. Malki Tzedek may have wanted to teach us that G'd only truly enjoys human beings who have first made it their business to please Him. He expressed this thought by saying: "Blessed Abraham to the Supreme G'd because he made himself be fit to be a servant of the Lord. As a result he is blessed by the Supreme G'd who has committed your enemies into your hands." [according to this Malki Tzedek's error consisted in using chronology as a guideline for the order in which he formulated his blessing. Ed.] Despite the good intention of Malki Tzedek, this was an improper way of blessing. The servant never takes precedence over his Master.

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