Parasha: Metzora · Aliyah: First (Chesed)

Leviticus 14:1–14:12
י"ד:א׳ וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
14:1 The LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
14:1 And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:
י"ד:א׳ וּמַלִּיל יְיָ עִם משֶׁה לְמֵימָר:
י"ד:ב׳ זֹ֤את תִּֽהְיֶה֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת הַמְּצֹרָ֔ע בְּי֖וֹם טָהֳרָת֑וֹ וְהוּבָ֖א אֶל־הַכֹּהֵֽן׃
14:2 This shall be the ritual for a leper at the time that he is to be cleansed. When it has been reportedaCf. note a at 13.2. to the priest,
14:2 This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his cleansing: he shall be brought unto the priest.
י"ד:ב׳ דָּא תְהֵי אוֹרַיְתָא דִסְגִירָא בִּיוֹמָא דְדָכוּתֵיהּ וְיִתֵּתֵי לְוָת כַּהֲנָא:
י"ד:ב׳ אור החיים
1זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת. כָּל הַכָּתוּב מְיֻתָּר, שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר אֶלָּא ״כִּי יִטְהַר הַמְּצוֹרָע וְהוּבָא אֶל הַכֹּהֵן״ וְגוֹ׳. וּבְתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים דָּרְשׁוּ תֵּיבַת ״זֹאת״ לְמַעֵט טַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע בְּבָמָה, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה אֶלָּא בְּבֵית עוֹלָמִים, וְתֵיבַת ״תִּהְיֶה״ לְרַבּוֹת שֶׁיִּטְהֲרוּ מְצוֹרָעִים בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, וּכְמַעֲשֵׂה רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן (ירושלמי פסחים ב:ב; תורת כהנים פסוק ד) שֶׁהֶרְאָה מַקֵּל שֶׁטִּהֵר בּוֹ מְצוֹרָעִים בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, וְתֵיבַת ״תּוֹרַת״ לוֹמַר שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁחִלֵּק בְּטֻמְאַת מְצוֹרָע, שֶׁיֵּשׁ מֻחְלָט בִּרְאִיַּת כֹּהֵן פַּעַם רִאשׁוֹנָה וְיֵשׁ בְּהֶסְגֵּר שָׁבוּעַ וְכַדּוֹמֶה, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן תּוֹרַת מְצוֹרָע אַחַת הִיא. וְתֵיבַת ״בְּיוֹם״ לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין טַהֲרַת מְצוֹרָע אֶלָּא בַּיּוֹם וְלֹא בַּלַּיְלָה. וְאָמְרוּ יָכוֹל אַף לְקִיחַת צִפֳּרִים וְכוּ׳, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״זֹאת״, עַד כָּאן.
זאת תהיה תורת המצורע, "This shall be the law of the "leper," etc. The entire verse seems superfluous. All the Torah had to tell us was that the afflicted person shall purify himself and be brought to the priest. Torat Kohanim explains the word זאת as excluding the purification ritual on an altar other than the one in the Temple. The word תהיה is explained as including people in our own times who suffer from the symptoms described in the Torah. Torat Kohanim on verse 4 relates that Rabbi Tarphon had a staff with which he used to purify "lepers" in his day [he was a survivor of the period during which the Temple was destroyed by the Romans. Ed.]. The word תורת is explained as teaching us that even though the different symptoms produce different kinds of צרעת, and different regulations regarding quarantine etc., they are all terminated by the offering of the same kind of offering as outlined in this chapter. The word ביום means that the process of purification described here must take place by day. One might think that the slaughtering of the birds for the offering and the afflicted person's shaving himself would be permissible at night; to prevent us from thinking this the Torah wrote זאת. Thus far Torat Kohanim.
2הִנֵּה תֵּיבַת ״זֹאת״ דָּרַשׁ מִמֶּנָּה לְמַעֵט טַהֲרַת מְצוֹרָע בְּבָמָה, וְדָרַשׁ מִמֶּנָּה לְמַעֵט לְקִיחַת צִפֳּרִים בַּיּוֹם. הַטַּעַם, לְצַד שֶׁקָּדְמָה לְזִכְרוֹן הַטַּהֲרָה וְזִכְרוֹן ״בְּיוֹם״ מִעֵט בִּשְׁנֵיהֶם, שֶׁאִם לֹא הָיְתָה כַּוָּנַת ה׳ לְמַעֵט אֶלָּא בְּאַחַת מֵהֵנָּה הָיָה לוֹ לְהַסְמִיךְ הַמִּעוּט לְאֶחָד עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע זֹאת תִּהְיֶה בְּיוֹם״, וְאָז יִהְיֶה הַמִּעוּט עַל ״בְּיוֹם״ וְלֹא עַל תּוֹרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע אִם צְרִיכָה בְּבֵית עוֹלָמִים. אוֹ יֹאמַר עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: ״בְּיוֹם טַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרָתוֹ״, וְאָז הָיָה הַמִּעוּט עַל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת וְלֹא עַל בְּיוֹם, וְאֵין בְּסֵדֶר זֶה תּוֹסֶפֶת אֲפִלּוּ אוֹת אַחַת.
You note that the author of Torat Kohanim used the word זאת exegetically both to exclude temporary altars or altars outside the Temple, as well as to forbid the afflicted person shaving himself at night, etc. The basis for these multiple inferences from the same word is that the Torah wrote two restrictive clauses (זאת, ביום) before mentioning the word טהרה, "purification." If the Torah had wanted to make only a single exclusion, the main subject of the verse, i.e. the purification, should have appeared next to either one of these מעוטים, restrictive expressions. For example, the Torah could have written: תורת המצורע, זאת תהיה ביום, "the law of the leper; this shall occur by day." We would then have understood that only the word ביום was to serve as a restrictive clause. The purification rites would then have been permissible on whatever altar was in use by the Jewish people at that time. The Torah could also have written the following sequence: ביום טהרת המצורע זאת תהיה תורתו, "on the day the 'leper' is purified, this shall be the law of his purification rites." The restrictive clause would then have applied only to the offerings, not to the time of day when the offering had to be brought. This latter version would not have contained a single additional letter except that the words would have been rearranged.
3וּבַמִּדְרָשׁ דָּרְשׁוּ (ויקרא רבה טז:ב) מִיִּתּוּר הַכָּתוּב ״זֹאת תִּהְיֶה״ – תּוֹרָתוֹ שֶׁל מוֹצִיא שֵׁם רַע. וְצָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה רָמַז הַדָּבָר בְּמָקוֹם זֶה בִּזְמַן טַהֲרָה. וְנִרְאֶה כִּי לְצַד שֶׁבָּא הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר הֲבָאַת צִפֳּרִים, לָזֶה הִקְדִּים לָתֵת טַעַם, כִּי לְצַד שֶׁחֶטְאוֹ הוּא בִּשְׁבִיל לָשׁוֹן הָרַע, לָזֶה תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרָתוֹ זֹאת לְהָבִיא צִפֳּרִים הַמְּצַפְצְפִים דּוּגְמָתוֹ.
Vayikra Rabbah 16,2 derives the idea that the person afflicted had been guilty of slander from the unnecessary words זאת תהיה. We need to understand why the Torah chose to allude to this fact at this point just when the afflicted person undergoes the rites of purification. I believe that the fact that his first offerings have to be the birds which are characterised by their constant twittering is the key to this. These birds are a reminder of the afflicted person's loose tongue, the sin of לשון הרע. The Torah first wrote these unnecessary words to allude to the reason why the first offerings in his rehabilitation process must be the birds.
4עוֹד נִרְאֶה לְפָרֵשׁ עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁהַצָּרַעַת כְּפִי הַטֶּבַע תְּכוּנָתוֹ תִּתְהַוֶּה מֵעִפּוּשׁ וְזִהוּם הַגּוּף וְתִגְבֹּרֶת הַמָּרָה אֲשֶׁר תִּתְגַּבֵּר בָּאָדָם וְעוֹשָׂה רוֹשֶׁם בִּבְשָׂרוֹ, וְדָבָר זֶה יְסוֹבְבֶנּוּ הָעִצָּבוֹן וְצָרַת הַלֵּב וְשִׁמְמוֹן הַשֵּׂכֶל, וְהָרְפוּאָה הַטִּבְעִית לָזֶה הִיא הַרְחָקוֹת הָעִצָּבוֹן וְעִנְיָנִים הַמַּרְחִיבִים לִבּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם וּמְשַׂמְּחִים אוֹתוֹ. וְהִנֵּה בְּבוֹא נֶגַע צָרַעַת עַל הָאָדָם יָכוֹל אָדָם לוֹמַר כִּי חֹלִי טִבְעִי הוּא אֲשֶׁר יִקְרֶה לְהָאָדָם, וּבֶאֱמוֹר לוֹ כִּי הוּא זֶה בִּשְׁבִיל לָשׁוֹן הָרַע לֹא יַאֲמִין וְלֹא יַצְדִּיק הַדְּבָרִים. לָזֶה נִתְחַכֵּם אֵל עֶלְיוֹן וְצִוָּה שֶׁיִּסָּגֵר הַמְּצוֹרָע, בָּדָד יֵשֵׁב וּבְגָדָיו יִהְיוּ פְרוּמִים וְרֹאשׁוֹ יִהְיֶה פָרוּעַ וְעַל שָׂפָם יַעְטֶה, וּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ הֵם כְּפִי הַטֶּבַע נֶגְדִּיִּים לִרְפוּאַת סִבַּת הַנֶּגַע, וְאַדְרַבָּה יוֹלִידוּ הַנֶּגַע מֵחָדָשׁ. וְכַאֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁעָשָׂה דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם נֶגְדִּיִּים, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהִרְהֵר תְּשׁוּבָה וְהִתְוַדָּה חַטָּאתוֹ כִּי בַּעֲוֹנוֹ אֲשֶׁר פָּשַׁט לְשׁוֹנוֹ גִּלָּה הַנֶּגַע אֶת עֵינוֹ, וְיָשׁוּב מֵחַטָּאתוֹ וִיטַהֵר לְשׁוֹנוֹ וְיִרְאֶה כִּי הָפַךְ הַנֶּגַע אֶת עֵינוֹ, בָּזֶה יֵדַע וְיוֹכִיחַ הוֹכָחָה בְּרוּרָה שֶׁלֹּא בָּא לוֹ הַנֶּגַע אֶלָּא לְצַד שֶׁדִּבֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרַע. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת מוֹצִיא שֵׁם רַע, וְהַכָּרַת הַדָּבָר וְהוֹכָחָתוֹ בְּיוֹם טָהֳרָתוֹ, שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁעָשָׂה דְּבָרִים נֶגְדִּיִּים לְחָלְיוֹ כַּנִּזְכָּר אַף עַל פִּי כֵן נִטְהַר, בָּזֶה יֵדַע כִּי תּוֹרַת לְשׁוֹנוֹ הָרַע הוּא זֶה וְלֹא מִקְרֶה הַטִּבְעִי כְּחוֹשְׁבֵי מַחְשְׁבוֹת אָוֶן, וְיִשְׁמֹר פִּיו וּלְשׁוֹנוֹ. וְהוּא מַה שֶׁגָּמַר אוֹמֶר נִרְפָּא נֶגַע הַצָּרַעַת מִן הַצָּרוּעַ, פֵּרוּשׁ, מִן הַצָּרוּעַ בָּאָה רְפוּאָתוֹ שֶׁשָּׁב וְרָפָא לוֹ.
We may also understand these verses as follows: the affliction of "leprosy" develops due to pollutants in the body and gradually these negative influences within the body gain in strength until their presence becomes noticeable on the skin. Such physical symptoms also are accompanied by psychological symptoms developing. The afflicted person becomes morose, miserly, and his mind becomes depressed. The natural antidote are activities which help to cheer up a person, cause him to laugh and to enjoy himself. Now that the person under discussion has become afflicted with צרעת, it was natural for him to think that his disease was a natural occurrence. If someone were to tell him that it was his loose tongue which had resulted in this affliction he would not believe such a person, nor would he admit that he had been guilty of a loose tongue. This is why G'd in His wisdom decided to decree isolation for such a person, for his garments, (13,45) etc. While quarantined, such a person is apt to take stock of himself and to regret his former conduct. He will then observe that he has not been able to use his tongue against other people and that during this period his symptoms recede or vanish although by natural law he would have expected the symptoms to increase; he will find that the very affliction opened his eyes and he will realise why he had been afflicted. He will repent, confess his sin, and purify his tongue and realise that he was not the victim of a chance disease. When the Torah writes זאת תורת המצורע, this is an allusion to the new insights the afflicted person has discovered and which will lead to his purification. His new insights will prove all this to him ביום טהרתו, on the day of his purification; i.e. that although his isolation deprived him of what would naturally have served to cheer him up, he was healed despite the fact that he should have been morose and depressed while in solitary confinement. This will convince him that it was the wrong use he had made of his tongue which had resulted in his affliction and he will henceforth guard his tongue carefully. When the Torah concludes verse 3 with the words והנה נרפא נגע הצרעת מן הצרוע, and behold, the "plague of leprosy has been healed 'from the leper,'" the extra words מן הצרוע tell us that the cure was due to the disease itself.
5וְהוּבָא וְגוֹ׳. הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר וְהוּבָא וְגוֹ׳, לְצַד שֶׁאָמַר ״בְּיוֹם טָהֳרָתוֹ״ חָשׁ שֶׁיַּחְשׁוֹב אָדָם שֶׁהַכָּתוּב קְרָאוֹ טָהוֹר בְּמַה שֶׁהוּסַר נִגְעוֹ וְאֵין תְּנַאי בַּדָּבָר, לָזֶה אָמַר ״וְהוּבָא״ וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ, חֲדָא וְעוֹד, ״טָהֳרָתוֹ וְהוּבָא אֶל״ וְגוֹ׳. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוּ (תורת כהנים) שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁהֶה. וְטַעַם אָמְרוֹ וְהוּבָא וְלֹא אָמַר וּבָא, אוּלַי שֶׁיְּחַיְּבוּהוּ בֵּית דִּין אוֹ תּוֹקְפוֹ כֹּהֵן לָבֹא, וּכְמוֹ כֵן מַה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״נֶגַע צָרַעַת וְגוֹ׳ וְהוּבָא אֶל הַכֹּהֵן״ יְכַוֵּן לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּחַיְּבוּהוּ לָבֹא אִם נִתְעַצֵּל.
והובא אל הכהן, and he is brought to the priest. Seeing the Torah had previously spoken of ביום טהרתו, on the day of his purification, the formerly afflicted person could have thought that his purification was complete already seeing his symptoms had disappeared; the Torah therefore explains that until he has been declared "clean" by the priest this is not so. Our sages in Torat Kohanim also observe that the words "he will be brought to the priest" imply that there is to be no delay. The reason that the Torah uses a passive form "he will be brought," instead of the usual "he shall come to the priest," indicates that the court will obligate him to go to the priest, or that the priest will take hold of him forcing him to leave his present residence. The same may apply when the symptoms had first shown up; he is obligated to go to the priest and to have the priest examine him.
י"ד:ג׳ וְיָצָא֙ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן אֶל־מִח֖וּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה וְרָאָה֙ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן וְהִנֵּ֛ה נִרְפָּ֥א נֶֽגַע־הַצָּרַ֖עַת מִן־הַצָּרֽוּעַ׃
14:3 the priest shall go outside the camp. If the priest sees that the leper has been healed of his scaly affection,
14:3 And the priest shall go forth out of the camp; and the priest shall look, and, behold, if the plague of leprosy be healed in the leper;
י"ד:ג׳ וְיִפּוֹק כַּהֲנָא לְמִבָּרָא לְמַשְׁרִיתָא וְיֶחֱזֵי כַהֲנָא וְהָא אִתַּסִּי מַכְתַּשׁ סְגִירוּתָא מִן סְגִירָא:
י"ד:ד׳ וְצִוָּה֙ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן וְלָקַ֧ח לַמִּטַּהֵ֛ר שְׁתֵּֽי־צִפֳּרִ֥ים חַיּ֖וֹת טְהֹר֑וֹת וְעֵ֣ץ אֶ֔רֶז וּשְׁנִ֥י תוֹלַ֖עַת וְאֵזֹֽב׃
14:4 the priest shall order two live clean birds, cedar wood, crimson stuff, and hyssop to be brought for him who is to be cleansed.
14:4 then shall the priest command to take for him that is to be cleansed two living clean birds, and cedar-wood, and scarlet, and hyssop.
י"ד:ד׳ וִיפַקֵּד כַּהֲנָא וְיִסַּב לְמִדַּכֵּי תַּרְתֵּין צִפְּרִין חַיִּין דָּכְיָן וְאָעָא דְאַרְזָא וּצְבַע זְהוֹרִי וְאֵזוֹבָא:
עץ ארז. מַקֵּל שֶׁל אֶרֶז:
שני תולעת. לָשׁוֹן שֶׁל צֶמֶר צָבוּעַ זְהוֹרִית:
י"ד:ד׳ אור החיים
1וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח וְגוֹ׳. רַזַ״ל בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים אָמְרוּ: צִוּוּי בְּכֹהֵן וּלְקִיחָה בְּכָל אָדָם. וְדָרְשׁוּ בְּפָסוּק שֶׁאַחַר זֶה ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְשָׁחַט״ – צִוּוּי בְּכֹהֵן וּשְׁחִיטָה בְּכָל אָדָם, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: אַף שְׁחִיטָה בְּכֹהֵן, עַד כָּאן. קָשֶׁה, לָמָּה לֹא נֶחְלְקוּ רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי אֶלָּא בְּפָסוּק שֵׁנִי וְלֹא בָּרִאשׁוֹן? וְאִם לְצַד כִּי ״וְצִוָּה וְלָקַח״ אֵין דָּבָר לְהַלְבִּישׁ בַּצִּוּוּי לְבַד הַלְּקִיחָה, גַּם ״וְצִוָּה וְשָׁחַט״ אֵין יָדוּעַ מַה יֵשׁ בַּצִּוּוּי לְבַד הַשְּׁחִיטָה. וְאַדְרַבָּה, בְּצִוּוּי ״וְלָקַח״ יֵשׁ לָנוּ לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּכַוֵּן לוֹמַר ״וְצִוָּה״ שֶׁיָּבִיאוּ לְפָנָיו הַצִּפֳּרִים וְיִקָּחֵם הוּא מִיַּד הַמְּבִיאִים, וּשְׁתֵּי מִצְווֹת צְרִיכִין לִהְיוֹת בְּכֹהֵן, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן ״וְצִוָּה וְשָׁחַט״ – אִם נֹאמַר שֶׁהַכֹּהֵן הוּא שֶׁיִּשְׁחוֹט, בַּמֶּה נַלְבִּישׁ הַצִּוּוּי?
וצוה הכהן ולקח למטהר, and the priest will command to take for the person to be purified, etc. According to Torat Kohanim the priest issues the instruction but anybody is authorised to take the birds. In the following verse Torat Kohanim again understands that according to the view of Rabbi Yehudah son of Rabbi Yossi the priest issues the instructions but that any non-priest is qualified to slaughter these birds. Rabbi disagrees, insisting that also the slaughtering of the birds must be performed by a priest. Why did Rabbi Yehudah son of Rabbi Yossi and Rabbi not disagree concerning what is written in verse 4?If we were to assume that in verse 4 the word וצוה applied only to another verb, i.e. ולקח instead of to an object, this is not an adequate reason as even in verse 5 the word וצוה refers to another verb, namely ושחט, and we do not know that it refers to any other object. In fact, in verse 4 we are entitled to assume that the word וצוה implies that the birds be brought to the priest and he would receive them personally from those who bring them to him so that he would perform two commandments, something that is not so in verse 5 if we read it to mean that the words וצוה ושחט apply to one and the same person, i.e. the priest.
2וְרָאִיתִי לְבַעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן שֶׁכָּתַב שֶׁהַמִּצְוָה הִיא שֶׁיְּצַו לְהָבִיא לְפָנָיו הַשְּׁתֵּי צִפֳּרִים, לִבְחוֹר מֵהֶם אַחַת הַמְּיֻחֶדֶת וְהַמְּבֹרֶרֶת. וְטַעַם שֶׁלֹּא חָלַק רַבִּי בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן הוּא לְצַד שֶׁלֹּא מָצָא בַּמֶּה יַלְבִּישׁ הַמִּצְוָה, עַד כָּאן. וְאֵין דְּבָרָיו נִרְאִים, כִּי מִצְוָה זוֹ שֶׁל הַבְּרֵרָה שֶׁצָּרִיךְ שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בְּיַד כֹּהֵן אֵינָהּ נִשְׁמַעַת מֵאָמְרוֹ ״וְצִוָּה״, וְאַדְרַבָּה יֵשׁ לָנוּ לוֹמַר שֶׁכַּוָּנַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה לִבְרוֹר הָאַחַת, וְיִרְצֶה לוֹמַר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁמִּצְוַת הַבֵּרוּר עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֵן וְהַבֵּרוּר עַל יְדֵי הַזּוּלַת וְהַשְּׁחִיטָה בְּכֹהֵן, וְעַל כָּל פָּנִים יָכוֹל הוּא רַבִּי לְפָרֵשׁ בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁפֵּרֵשׁ בְּפָסוּק שֵׁנִי.
I have seen a comment by Korban Aharon according to which the commandment is that the priest command that two birds be brought to him so that he could choose one of them as the offering and one to be released later (verse 7). The reason that Rabbi did not disagree with Rabbi Yehudah ben Rabbi Yossi in verse 4 insisting that only the priest is to take the birds is, that he could not tie the word וצוה to the commandment, i.e. he could not prove that the priest had to make this selection. Thus far Korban Aharon. I do not agree with the author of Korban Aharon as there is no indication from the words that the commandment to select the birds had to be performed by the priest and that it could be derived from the word וצוה. On the contrary, we may infer that the word וצוה as positioned in this verse indicates that the selection of the bird may be performed either by the priest or by someone else, whereas the slaughtering of the bird selected had to be performed by the priest, and Rabbi could explain verse 4 along the same lines as he did verse 5 saying that the selection of the birds could be performed only by the priest. It would then have appeared that Rabbi disagrees with Rabbi Yehudah ben Rabbi Yossi and thought that the slaughtering of the birds also could be performed only by priests.
3וְהָיָה נִרְאֶה לְפָרֵשׁ, שֶׁטַּעַם שֶׁחָלַק רַבִּי וְסָבַר שֶׁהַשְּׁחִיטָה גַּם כֵּן בְּכֹהֵן – לֹא לְצַד מַשְׁמָעוּת הַכָּתוּב, אֶלָּא לְצַד מַה שֶׁהוּא הָעִנְיָן. כִּי צִוָּה ה׳ שֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַשְּׁחִיטָה אֶל כְּלִי חֶרֶס עַל מַיִם חַיִּים, וּשְׁחִיטָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ בְּחִינַת שְׁחִיטָה לְבַד, שֶׁהֲרֵי יֵשׁ עִמָּהּ מַעֲשֶׂה אַחֵר שֶׁיִּשְׁחוֹט אֶל כְּלִי וְגוֹ׳, וְזֶה עִקַּר הֲכָנַת הַטַּהֲרָה, וְלָזֶה אָמַר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֵן. מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁאֵין בִּלְקִיחַת הַצִּפֳּרִים מַעֲשֵׂה טַהֲרָה, וְהַתּוֹרָה מָסְרָה הַדָּבָר לַחֲכָמִים לְהַבְחִין בַּדְּבָרִים.
The reason, however, would not be because of something specific in our verse, but because it corresponds to the nature in which the subject matter is described by the Torah. G'd had commanded that the slaughtering take place in a vessel made of earthenware over water running from a well. This is not an act which is only "slaughtering," seeing a second action must accompany it immediately afterwards. This latter act is the principal ingredient of the purification ritual. Seeing that this is so it is reasonable to assume that it can be performed only by the priest. This kind of reasoning cannot be applied in verse 4 in which no action is demanded that is part of the purification process. There was therefore no reason to assume that the Torah demanded it to be performed by the priest exclusively unless the Torah had so indicated by some extra word or letter. The Torah preferred to leave the matter to be decided by the scholars.
4עוֹד נִרְאֶה לוֹמַר, כִּי עַל כָּל פָּנִים פְּשַׁט הַכָּתוּב כְּשֶׁאָמַר ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח וְגוֹ׳״, כַּוָּנָתוֹ בְּאָמְרוֹ ״וְלָקַח״ הוּא עַל הַכֹּהֵן, כִּי אֵין צָרִיךְ הַכָּתוּב לְהַזְכִּיר הַכֹּהֵן עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר. מַה תֹּאמַר שֶׁיֹּאמַר ״וְצִוָּה וְלָקַח הַכֹּהֵן״, אָז הָיִינוּ אוֹמְרִים בְּעִיּוּן נָכוֹן שֶׁאֵין הַצִּוּוּי בַּכֹּהֵן לְפִי שֶׁאִחֵר זִכְרוֹנוֹ לְבַסּוֹף, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן אָמְרוֹ ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ שֶׁהִזְכִּיר הַכֹּהֵן בַּתְּחִלָּה, כָּל מַה שֶׁיָּבֹא מֵהַמַּעֲשֶׂה אַחַר כָּךְ יְכַוֵּן לַמּוּזְכָּר קוֹדֶם. וּמֵעַתָּה כְּשֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב הָרִאשׁוֹן ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח״, פְּשַׁט הַכָּתוּב הוּא שֶׁהַכֹּהֵן יְצַוֶּה וְהוּא יִקַּח. אֶלָּא מִמַּה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב אַחַר כָּךְ ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְשָׁחַט״, הֲרֵי זֶה מַרְאֶה בָּאֶצְבַּע כִּי מַה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״וְלָקַח״ אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר אֶל הַכֹּהֵן, שֶׁאִם בַּכֹּהֵן מְדַבֵּר הַכָּתוּב עַד עַתָּה, לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה? הֲלֹא בַּכֹּהֵן מְדַבֵּר עַד עַתָּה, וְלֹא הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר אֶלָּא ״וְצִוָּה וְשָׁחַט״ וַאֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁבַּכֹּהֵן מְדַבֵּר, אֶלָּא וַדַּאי שֶׁאַפְסְקֵיהּ אַחֵר, וְאֵיזֶה הוּא? ״וְלָקַח״ הַקּוֹדֵם לָהּ שֶׁמְּדַבֵּר בְּכָל אָדָם. לָזֶה לְכוּלֵי עָלְמָא, בֵּין רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֵּין רַבִּי, סוֹבְרִים בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח״ כָּל הָאָדָם, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן פָּסוּק שֵׁנִי שֶׁאֵין לָנוּ הֶכְרֵחַ, סוֹבֵר רַבִּי כִּי מִקְרָא עוֹמֵד כִּפְשׁוּטוֹ ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְשָׁחַט״ גַּם כֵּן הַכֹּהֵן הַסָּמוּךְ לוֹ.
Furthermore, we may assume that the plain meaning of verse 4 in which the Torah mentions the taking of the birds is that the Torah addresses the priest. The reason for this is that there was no need to mention the word "the priest" in the verse in connection with each separate activity. The Torah had repeated the word "the priest" already several times in verses 2-3. In the absence of a further repetition of that word at the beginning of verse 4 we would have reasoned that the commandment is not restricted to the priest as the Torah did not again mention the word "the priest" until the end in verse 5. These considerations are invalid seeing the Torah did write the word "the priest" at the beginning of verse 4. This indicates that just as everything which had been mentioned in verses 2 and 3 had to be performed by the priest the same is true of what is said in verse 4. Seeing that the Torah bothered to write the words וצוה הכהן once more in verse 5, the meaning must be that at least something of what is described in verse 4 need not only be performed by the priest. The word ולקח therefore does not refer to the priest. If everything in verse 4 could only be performed by a priest, why did the Torah have to write the words "the priest" again in verse 5? All the Torah had to write in verse 5 was וצוה ושחט, and I would have known that it is the priest who is the subject of these instructions. Clearly then the instructions in the Torah have to be split up differently. When the Torah writes the word ולקח in verse 4 for the first time, this refers to anybody, not only to the priest. The same interpretation cannot be applied to the word ולקח in verse 5 as we have no indication from Rabbi that he holds that the הלכה is based on the plain meaning of the verse. This is especially so as both the word וצוה and the word ושחט are positioned next to the word הכהן on either side of it.
5וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה סוֹבֵר ״יַגִּיד עָלָיו רֵיעוֹ״, אַחַר שֶׁנִּתְגַּלָּה לָנוּ מִפָּסוּק רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁאֵין חוֹזֶרֶת תֵּיבַת ״וְלָקַח״ אֶל הַכֹּהֵן הַסָּמוּךְ, כְּמוֹ כֵן פָּסוּק שֵׁנִי יִתְפָּרֵשׁ בְּקוֹטֶב רִאשׁוֹן.
Rabbi Yehudah ben Rabbi Yossi, however, feels that seeing we found in verse 4 that the word ולקח does not need to refer to the word הכהן although it is written adjoining to the word הכהן we may interpret what is written in verse 5 in a similar manner.
6אֶלָּא שֶׁרָאִיתִי שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ שָׁם בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים בִּתְחִלַּת הַפָּרָשָׁה וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״ בְּכֹהֵן וְכוּ׳, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא טַהֲרָתוֹ וְטֻמְאָתוֹ בְּכֹהֵן, מִנַּיִן שְׁחִיטַת צִפֳּרִים וְהַזָּאוֹת וְכוּ׳ וְתִגְלַחְתּוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״ בְּכֹהֵן. יָכוֹל אַף לְקִיחַת צִפֳּרִים וְשִׁלּוּחַ צִפֳּרִים וְכִבּוּס וְכוּ׳ בְּכֹהֵן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״זֹאת״, עַד כָּאן. הִנֵּה מִפְּשַׁט הַבָּרַיְתָא מַשְׁמַע כִּי אֵין צֹרֶךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּכֹהֵן אֶלָּא שְׁלֹשָׁה פְּרָטִים הָרְשׁוּמִים דַּוְקָא, וְאִם כֵּן אֵין צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה הַכֹּהֵן לֹא עַל הַלְּקִיחָה וְלֹא עַל הַשְּׁחִיטָה, וּמִשְּׁתֵּי הַבָּרַיְתוֹת מַשְׁמַע לְהֶדְיָא דִּלְכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא, בֵּין לְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֵּין לְרַבִּי, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּצַוֶּה הַכֹּהֵן שְׁנֵי דְּבָרִים.
All this would be fine except for a statement in Torat Kohanim at the beginning of our portion. This is what is written there: The law about purifying the "leper" is entrusted to the priest. I would have thought that the priest's function is only to declare the "leper" either impure or healed, i.e "clean." How do I know that the priest also has to offer the birds and perform the sprinklings of the blood as well as shave the "leper?" This is why the Torah says: תורת המצורע בכהן. Seeing this is so, I would have thought that also the taking of the birds and the sending away of the live bird and the washing of the "leper" and his clothing are to be performed only by the priest? To teach me that this is not so the Torah wrote זאת. Thus far Torat Kohanim. From the plain text of the Baraitha it seems clear that only three parts of the purification process of the "leper" have to be performed by the priest. In view of this there was no need for the Torah to command the priest about taking the birds or slaughtering them. From the combined text of the two Baraithot it emerges clearly that both Rabbi and Rabbi Yehudah ben Yossi hold that the priest must issue directives concerning two procedures. There appears to be a clear contradiction then between these two Baraithot.
7וְאוּלַי כִּי לֹא הִזְכִּיר הַתַּנָּא שְׁנֵי הַצִּוּוּיִים בַּבָּרַיְתָא עִם הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים, לְצַד שֶׁבִּדְרָשַׁת ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״ אֵינָם נִכְלָלִים אֶלָּא דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵם בְּגוּף הַטַּהֲרָה, שֶׁהֲרֵי מִעֵט הַרְבֵּה מַעֲשִׂים מֵאָמְרוֹ ״זֹאת״, וְזוּלַת אָמְרוֹ ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ הָיוּ הַצִּוּוּיִים גַּם כֵּן מִתְמַעֲטִים. לָזֶה לֹא הִזְכִּיר אֶלָּא פְּרָטִים הַנִּדְרָשִׁים מֵאָמְרוֹ ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״, אֲבָל הַצִּוּוּיִים אֵין זֶה מְקוֹמָן, וְיִחֵד לָהֶם הַכָּתוּב הַדָּבָר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְאָמַר ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ וְגוֹ׳, וְסָמַךְ הַתַּנָּא עַל מַה שֶׁעָתִיד לְפָרֵשׁ בְּפָרָשַׁת ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ צִוּוּי בְּכֹהֵן.
Perhaps the reason why the author of the Baraitha did not mention the two clear directives to the priest contained in verses 4 and 5 is that he considered only things which involve the body of the "leper" as part of his purification ritual; he had already excluded numerous things as a result of the restrictive word זאת. If the Torah had not specifically demanded in verses 4 and 5 that the priest perform the act of selecting the birds and slaughtering them, I would have concluded that the word זאת in verse 2 had already relieved the priest from these two duties. The author of the Baraitha therefore only mentioned matters included in the definition תורת המצורע. He was well aware that he would make separate comments on verses 4 and 5; hence he ignored these aspects in his earlier comments.
8אֶלָּא שֶׁרָאִיתִי לָרַמְבַּ״ם (הלכות טומאת צרעת פרק י״א הלכה ה׳) כָּתַב שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ בְּכֹהֵן אֶלָּא שְׁחִיטַת צִפֳּרִים וְהַזָּאָה וְתִגְלַחַת, וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר כְּלָל עִנְיַן צִוּוּיִים שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּכֹהֵן, וְאַדְרַבָּה כָּלַל דָּבָר שָׁוֶה וְאָמַר וּשְׁאָר הַדְּבָרִים בֵּין בְּכֹהֵן וּבֵין בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. וַהֲגַם שֶׁבַּתּוֹסֶפְתָּא בְּפֶרֶק ח׳ דִּנְגָעִים תַּנְיָא כְּדִבְרֵי רַמְבַּ״ם, שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּכֹהֵן אֶלָּא שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים וּשְׁאָר הַדְּבָרִים בְּכָל אָדָם, וְשָׁם לֹא הִזְכִּיר עִנְיַן צִוּוּי בְּכֹהֵן, מִן הַסְּתָם לֹא נַעֲמִיד הַתּוֹסֶפְתָּא דְּלָא כְּמַאן, וְנֹאמַר גַּם כֵּן שֶׁהַתַּנָּא בֵּאֵר הַדְּבָרִים בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, וְגַם שֶׁמְּבֹאָר הוּא בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁהַצִּוּוּי הוּא בְּכֹהֵן וְלֹא הֻצְרַךְ לְאָמְרוֹ, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן רַמְבַּ״ם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הוּא לְבָאֵר הַדָּבָר, וְאֵינוֹ כָּל כָּךְ הַדָּבָר מְבֹאָר בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּדְחוֹק לוֹמַר שֶׁגַּם רַמְבַּ״ם לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לְכָתְבוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי רוֹאִים אָנוּ שֶׁהַתַּנָּאִים הֻצְרְכוּ לִדְרֹשׁ הַדָּבָר מֵהַכָּתוּב.
However, I have seen in chapter 11,5 of Hilchot Tum-at Tzora-at by Maimonides that only the slaughtering of the birds and the shaving of the body-hair of the "leper," as well as the sprinkling of the blood of the bird have to be performed by the priest. No mention is made of the priest having to select the birds. In fact, Maimonides mentions specifically that all the rituals he has not mentioned may be performed by ordinary Israelites as well as by priests. Although we have a Tossephta in chapter eight of tractate נגעים according to which only three things have to be performed by the priest, -just as Maimonides has written,- the matter of the directives the Torah issued to the priest in verses 4 and 5 is not mentioned at all. Ordinarily, we would not need to consider the fact that the Tossephta does not conform to the views expressed in Torat Kohanim as unduly disturbing. We could even argue that the author of the Tossephta presumably dealt with verses 4 and 5 in a different context, something that we cannot say about Maimonides who is under an obligation to deal with those verses in his treatise on the subject.
9וְאֵין לוֹמַר דְּסוֹבֵר רַמְבַּ״ם שֶׁפְּשַׁט הַתּוֹסֶפְתָּא שֶׁאָמְרָה ״וּשְׁאָר הַדְּבָרִים בְּכָל אָדָם״ מַשְׁמַע אֲפִלּוּ הַצִּוּוּיִים, וּדְלָא כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי. אִם נֹאמַר כֵּן תִּקְשֶׁה עוֹד, כִּי דָּבָר פָּשׁוּט הוּא כִּי אֵין לָחוּשׁ לְתוֹסֶפְתָּא כָּזוֹ שֶׁאֵינָהּ לֹא כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְלֹא כְּרַבִּי שֶׁהוּבְאוּ דִּבְרֵיהֶם בְּסִפְרָא דְּבֵי רַב הַמְּזֻקָּק.
We cannot argue that what the Torah has written in verses 4 and 5 is not clear enough to require Maimonides to refer to it in his treatise on the afflictions suffered by a "leper." After all, the authors of the Baraithot did consider it necessary to derive these הלכות from a biblical source. Neither can we argue that Maimonides thought that the plain meaning of the Tossephta which said: "and the other matters may be performed by any person" include even the ones concerning which the Torah issued directives to the priest, and that he would therefore ignore the views of both Rabbi and Rabbi Yehudah ben Yossi. If we were to assume this there is an additional difficulty, namely that a Tossephta which ignores both the views of Rabbi and of Rabbi Yehudah ben Yossi need not be considered authentic at all. What has been recorded in the Sifra de bey Rav is a carefully edited text, much more reliable than the collection of Tossephtot at our disposal.
10וְאֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁסּוֹבֵר רַמְבַּ״ם מִכֹּחַ בָּרַיְתָא רִאשׁוֹנָה דְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים, שֶׁהִזְכִּיר דְּבָרִים הַצְּרִיכִין כֹּהֵן בִּדְרָשַׁת פָּסוּק ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״ שֶׁכָּל אוֹתָם הַדְּבָרִים הֵם תּוֹרָה לְעִכּוּבָא. וּדְרָשַׁת ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן״ הִיא עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ, שֶׁהַכֹּהֵן הוּא יְצַוֶּה לַעֲשׂוֹת הַדְּבָרִים, וְהוּא דֶּרֶךְ כָּבוֹד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַדְּבָרִים נַעֲשִׂים עַל פִּיו וּבְמַאֲמָרוֹ, עַל דֶּרֶךְ ״וְעַל פִּיךָ יִשַּׁק כָּל עַמִּי״ (בראשית מא:מ), וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ הַצִּוּוּי בְּכֹהֵן לִגְזֹר עַל הַדָּבָר וַאֲחֵרִים יַעֲשׂוּ, וּמַשְׁמָעוּת הַדְּבָרִים מַגִּידִים כֵּן שֶׁאֵין זֶה לְעִכּוּב אֶלָּא לְכָבוֹד לְכֹהֵן. וְעוֹד קַל וָחֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים, וּמַה שִׁלּוּחַ הַצִּפֳּרִים וְכוּ׳ אָמַר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְעַכֵּב, מִכָּל שֶׁכֵּן מִצְוַת לְקִיחָה וּמִצְוַת שְׁחִיטָה. וְרַבִּי שֶׁאָמַר גַּם הַשְּׁחִיטָה בְּכֹהֵן, לֹא מִכֹּחַ פָּסוּק ״וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְשָׁחַט״, אֶלָּא מִכֹּחַ דְּרָשַׁת ״תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע״ שֶׁגַּם הַשְּׁחִיטָה הִיא דּוֹמָה לַהַזָּאָה וְתִגְלַחַת, וְהוּא תַּנָּא רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁכָּלַל הַשְּׁחִיטָה עִם הַתִּגְלַחַת וְהַזָּאָה.
Perhaps we may resolve the contradictions resulting from Maimonides' text by assuming that Maimonides relied on the first Baraitha in Torat Kohanim in which the items the priest has to perform in connection with the purification of the "leper" under the heading תורת המצורע are discussed. Maimonides understood those rites to be so mandatory that any deviation would cancel the whole procedure. The directives given in verses 4 and 5, however, Maimonides understood as something that would be performed preferably by the priest. Anything which is commanded by the priest is imbued with additional importance. We know this principle from Genesis 41,40 where Pharaoh issued a directive to his subjects that all of Joseph's directives were to be considered as binding on the Egyptians. In our instance, the Torah issued a directive that the steps of the purification rites mentioned in verses 4 and 5 should be initiated by a command from the priest but that they may be carried out by non-priests. If, for some reason, these instructions were not carried out at his initiative but someone else issued the instructions this would not invalidate the procedures. There is also a קל וחומר which can be applied to reinforce this logic. If the Torah had made it plain that the releasing of the live bird is not mandatory, then the instructions of how and by whom they have to be selected and slaughtered is certainly not mandatory. If Rabbi holds that even the slaughtering of the bird must be performed by the priest, he did not base this on the words in verse 5 but on his understanding that it is part of the procedures called תורת המצורע seeing it is similar to the sprinkling of the blood and the need to have the hair of his body shaved off. This corresponds to the view held by the first Rabbi quoted in the Baraitha according to whom the slaughtering is included in the three procedures which have to take place by day.
י"ד:ה׳ וְצִוָּה֙ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן וְשָׁחַ֖ט אֶת־הַצִּפּ֣וֹר הָאֶחָ֑ת אֶל־כְּלִי־חֶ֖רֶשׂ עַל־מַ֥יִם חַיִּֽים׃
14:5 The priest shall order one of the birds slaughtered over fresh water in an earthen vessel;
14:5 And the priest shall command to kill one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running water.
י"ד:ה׳ וִיפַקֵּד כַּהֲנָא וְיִכּוֹס יָת צִפְּרָא חֲדָא לְמַאן דַּחֲסַף עַל מֵי מַבּוּעַ:
י"ד:ו׳ אֶת־הַצִּפֹּ֤ר הַֽחַיָּה֙ יִקַּ֣ח אֹתָ֔הּ וְאֶת־עֵ֥ץ הָאֶ֛רֶז וְאֶת־שְׁנִ֥י הַתּוֹלַ֖עַת וְאֶת־הָאֵזֹ֑ב וְטָבַ֨ל אוֹתָ֜ם וְאֵ֣ת ׀ הַצִּפֹּ֣ר הַֽחַיָּ֗ה בְּדַם֙ הַצִּפֹּ֣ר הַשְּׁחֻטָ֔ה עַ֖ל הַמַּ֥יִם הַֽחַיִּֽים׃
14:6 and he shall take the live bird, along with the cedar wood, the crimson stuff, and the hyssop, and dip them together with the live bird in the blood of the bird that was slaughtered over the fresh water.
14:6 As for the living bird, he shall take it, and the cedar-wood, and the scarlet, and the hyssop, and shall dip them and the living bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over the running water.
י"ד:ו׳ יָת צִפְּרָא חַיְתָא יִסַּב יָתַהּ וְיָת אָעָא דְאַרְזָא וְיָת צְבַע זְהוֹרִי וְיָת אֵזוֹבָא וְיִטְבּוֹל יָתְהוֹן וְיָת צִפְּרָא חַיְתָא בִּדְמָא דְּצִפְּרָא דִּנְכִיסָא עַל מֵי מַבּוּעַ:
י"ד:ז׳ וְהִזָּ֗ה עַ֧ל הַמִּטַּהֵ֛ר מִן־הַצָּרַ֖עַת שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֑ים וְטִ֣הֲר֔וֹ וְשִׁלַּ֛ח אֶת־הַצִּפֹּ֥ר הַֽחַיָּ֖ה עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃
14:7 He shall then sprinkle it seven times on him who is to be cleansed of the eruption and cleanse him; and he shall set the live bird free in the open country.
14:7 And he shall sprinkle upon him that is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let go the living bird into the open field.
י"ד:ז׳ וְיַדִּי עַל דְּמִדַּכֵּי מִן סְגִירוּתָא שְׁבַע זִמְנִין וִידַכִּנֵּיהּ וִישַׁלַּח יָת צִפְּרָא חַיְתָא עַל אַפֵּי חַקְלָא:
י"ד:ז׳ אור החיים
1וְהִזָּה עַל הַמִּטַּהֵר מִן הַצָּרַעַת וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר מִן הַצָּרַעַת אַחַר שֶׁבּוֹ מְדַבֵּר הַכָּתוּב. וְאוּלַי כִּי לְצַד שֶׁהַזָּאָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ מְטַהֶרֶת אוֹתוֹ בְּהֶחְלֵט, אֶלָּא כְּיוֹם שֶׁפָּסְקָה זָבָה מִדַּם זוֹבָהּ, וַעֲדַיִן צָרִיךְ הוּא לִסְפִירַת שִׁבְעָה יָמִים כְּדִין טֻמְאַת זָב, וְתִמְצָא שֶׁכָּל יְמֵי סָפְרוֹ עֲדַיִן הוּא אַב הַטֻּמְאָה, לָזֶה אָמַר הַמִּטַּהֵר מִן הַצָּרַעַת פֵּרוּשׁ, מִגּוּף הַצָּרַעַת וְלֹא מִן טֻמְאַת הַצָּרַעַת, וְלָזֶה אָמַר לְבַסּוֹף ״וְהָיָה בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְגוֹ׳ וְכִבֶּס אֶת בְּגָדָיו״, הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁבִּימֵי סָפְרוֹ הָיָה מְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים, וְהִנֵּה הוּא אַב הַטֻּמְאָה, וְלָזֶה הוֹדִיעֲךָ כִּי אֵינוֹ נִטְהָר אֶלָּא מִגּוּפוֹ שֶׁל צָרַעַת וְאַחַר שֶׁנִּטְהָר מֵהַצָּרַעַת צָרִיךְ לֵישֵׁב בְּטֻמְאָתוֹ שִׁבְעָה יָמִים.
והזה על המטהר מן הצרעת, and he shall sprinkle on him that is to be purified, etc. Why did the Torah have to write the words מן הצרעת? Is it not obvious that we speak about someone who had suffered from "leprosy?" Perhaps the fact that this sprinkling of the blood mixed with מים חיים of the slaughtered bird still did not complete the purification process and the former "leper" still has to remain outside his home for another seven days shows he is comparable to a woman who had suffered from vaginal secretions, זבה. During these seven days before the former "leper" brings his final offerings and undergoes the procedure outlined in verses 9-20 he is still a primary source of ritual impurity, אב הטומאה. The Torah therefore emphasised by the words המטהר מן הצרעת that the person is being cleansed only of the actual plague called צרעת; he is not yet "clean." If we learn in verse 9 that this person must wash his garments on the seventh day this proves that his body conferred impurity on his clothing during the preceding seven days. This proves in turn that he was a primary source of ritual impurity as secondary sources of impurity do not confer טומאה on clothing. The words מן הצרעת are amply justified then.
2וּבְתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים דָּרְשׁוּ: לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ כֵּיוָן שֶׁבּוֹ מְדַבֵּר הַכָּתוּב? וְאָמְרוּ כִּי הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ לְמַעֵט טְמֵא מֵת שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוֹן שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהָיִיתִי דָּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִמְּצוֹרָע שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן טָעוּן שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים, טְמֵא מֵת שֶׁטָּעוּן שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה טָעוּן שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ וְלֹא מִטּוּמְאַת מֵת. וְדָרְשׁוּ עוֹד בְּסוֹף אוֹתָהּ בָּרַיְתָא ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ – מַה שֶׁהֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ כִּי בָּא לְמַעֵט הַמְּצוֹרָע מִטְּעִינַת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, שֶׁזּוּלַת זֶה הָיִיתִי דָּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִטְּמֵא מֵת שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן שִׁבְעָה וְאַף עַל כֵּן טָעוּן שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, מְצוֹרָע שֶׁטָּעוּן שִׁבְעָה אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה טָעוּן שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ פֵּרוּשׁ, בָּזֶה יַסְפִּיק לְטַהֲרוֹ, עַד כָּאן.
Torat Kohanim offers a different explanation, saying that the words מן הצרעת are intended to teach that if someone's ritual impurity is due to contact with a dead body he does not have to undergo seven sprinklings of מים חיים. Had the Torah not written the words מן הצרעת, I would have concluded through a קל וחומר that if a "leper" who does not require sprinklings of water from a well (mixed with the ash of the red heifer) on the third and seventh day of his purification process nonetheless requires seven sprinklings of blood, then a person whose impurity is due to contact with a dead body would certainly need these seven sprinklings of מים חיים spring water mixed with the blood.. Hence the Torah wrote the words מן הצרעת in order to teach me that such a קל וחומר is not admissible. At the end of that Baraitha it is stated that the word וטהרו in verse 7 is restrictive and teaches that the "leper" does not have to undergo sprinklings of well water mixed with the ash of the red heifer on the third and seventh day of his purification rites as does the person who purifies himself from ritual impurity due to contact with a dead body. Had the Torah not written the word וטהרו, I would have learned a קל וחומר that if such a טמא מת who does not require the seven sprinklings of מים חיים plus blood, nonetheless requires sprinkling of well water mixed with the ash of the red heifer on the third and seventh day of his purification rites, the "leper" who even requires the seven sprinklings of blood mixed with מים חיים certainly would also require the sprinkling with well water (containing ash from the red heifer) on the third and seventh day of his own waiting period. The word וטהרו therefore means that the ritual described previously is sufficient.
3וְקַשְׁיָא לִי: אַחַר שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ וְדָרַשְׁנוּ לְמַעֵט מִן טֻמְאַת מֵת, הִנֵּה לֹא יֻצְדַּק לְמַעֵט אֶלָּא לְצַד שֶׁהָיָה בָּא מִן הַדִּין, וְדִין זֶה אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁנֹּאמַר שֶׁהַמְּצוֹרָע אֵין בּוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה שֶׁבָּזֶה יָבֹא קַל וָחוֹמֶר וּמַה מְצוֹרָע וְכוּ׳ כָּאָמוּר בְּדִבְרֵי הַבָּרַיְתָא. אִם כֵּן, מֵאָמְרוֹ ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ הֶחְזִיק הַכָּתוּב דַּעַת זוֹ וְחָתַם עָלֶיהָ כִּי הַמְּצוֹרָע אֵין בּוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, וּמֵעַתָּה לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ לְמַעֲטוֹ מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה? הֲרֵי כְּבָר נִתְחַיְּבָה מֵהַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה מֵאָמְרוֹ ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״. אוֹ הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ הַמְּצוֹרָע שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה וְלֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״, וַאֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ כִּי טְמֵא מֵת אֵין צָרִיךְ שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים מִמַּה שֶׁהֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ לִסְתֹּר הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר הַבָּא מִטְּמֵא מֵת לְהַזָּאַת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, וְאֵין קַל וָחוֹמֶר בָּא אֶלָּא אִם תֹּאמַר שֶׁאֵין בָּא בַּמְּלַמֵּד אֶלָּא אֶחָד, וְהָבֵן.
I do not understand this. Seeing we have already used the words מן הצרעת to teach us that a comparison between a טמא מת and a צרוע, leper, is inadmissible, why did I need the word וטהרו to teach me the same thing?
4וְנִרְאֶה לְפָרֵשׁ, כִּי לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁרָאִינוּ שֶׁה׳ צִוָּה בְּטֻמְאַת מֵת הַזָּאַת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה (במדבר יט:יח-יט) וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר כַּמָּה הַזָּאוֹת, וְהִזְכִּיר בְּטֻמְאַת צָרַעַת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, יֵשׁ סְבָרָא לוֹמַר כִּי טַהֲרַת רִבּוּי הַהַזָּאוֹת הִיא טַהֲרָה גְּדוֹלָה יוֹתֵר מֵהַזָּאַת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה, לְצַד הֱיוֹתָם שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן הַזָּאוֹת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה שֶׁאֵינָם אֶלָּא שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים. וּכְפִי זֶה הִצְרִיךְ הַכָּתוּב תִּקּוּן לְטַהֲרַת מְצוֹרָע יוֹתֵר מִתִּקּוּן טַהֲרַת טֻמְאַת מֵת. וְיֵשׁ סְבָרָא לוֹמַר טַהֲרַת מִסְפַּר הַיָּמִים הִיא יוֹתֵר גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁלֹּא יוֹם אֶחָד בִּלְבַד יַסְפִּיק לְטַהֵר, וְאִם כֵּן מַה שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁה׳ הִצְרִיךְ בִּטְמֵא מֵת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה הִיא הַדְרָגָה גְּדוֹלָה מֵהַזָּאַת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים. וּשְׁתֵּי סְבָרוֹת אֵלּוּ יִתְחַלְּקוּ בְּדֵעוֹת חֲכָמִים, וְיִהְיֶה חָכָם שֶׁיַּחְשׁוֹב, גָּדוֹל הַנֶּאֱמָר בְּטַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע יוֹתֵר מֵהַנֶּאֱמָר בְּטַהֲרַת טְמֵא מֵת, וְיִהְיֶה חָכָם שֶׁיַּחְשׁוֹב לְהֵפֶךְ. וְהִנֵּה לְהַחוֹשֵׁב כִּי טַהֲרַת שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה יוֹתֵר, יָבוֹא לָדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מֵהַמְּצוֹרָע לְהַצְרִיךְ בִּטְמֵא מֵת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים. וּלְהַחוֹשֵׁב כִּי טַהֲרַת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים חֲמוּרָה, יִלְמַד לַמְּצוֹרָע שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה מִטְּמֵא מֵת מִקַּל וָחוֹמֶר. וּמֵעַתָּה יִתְחַיֵּב הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר שְׁנֵי הַמִּעוּטִים לְהָסִיר טָעוּת כָּל סְבָרָא וּסְבָרָא. וְאִם לֹא הָיָה אוֹמֵר אֶלָּא אֶחָד, כְּגוֹן שֶׁיֹּאמַר ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״ לְמַעֵט טְמֵא מֵת שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים, תָּבֹא סְבָרַת הַסּוֹבֵר לוֹמַר כִּי בָּזֶה הֵסִיר הַכָּתוּב טָעוּת שֶׁכְּנֶגְדּוֹ וְהִצְדִּיק לוֹמַר כִּי הַזָּאַת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים הִיא יוֹתֵר גְּדוֹלָה וְיֶשְׁנָהּ בַּמְּצוֹרָע וְלֹא בִּטְמֵא מֵת, וְחוֹזֵר אֲנִי וְדָן לְהָבִיא לוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה וְשִׁבְעָה מִטְּמֵא מֵת, וְכֵן אִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר ״וְטִהֲרוֹ״ וְגוֹ׳.
We may explain this as follows; In the case of the טמא מת the Torah legislated sprinklings of מי פרה on the third and seventh day respectively (Numbers 19, 18-19) without mentioning how many of these sprinklings there had to be. On the other hand, the Torah did mention the number of sprinklings to be administered to someone whose ritual impurity was due to the plague, but it did not mention on which days these sprinklings had to be administered. It would have been quite reasonable to argue that a purification procedure requiring seven sprinklings is a more comprehensive procedure than one which occurs only on the third and seventh day respectively because it takes place only twice. The Torah therefore had to write the word וטהרו to teach that such reasoning is invalid. On the other hand, one could have argued with equal force that if the Torah legislated sprinklings to occur on two days in the case of a טמא מת, whereas the צרוע requires sprinkling only on one day of the seven days he is waiting, this is proof that the purification procedure of the טמא מת is of greater force than the one involving the "leper." Different scholars each adopt one of these two arguments in their approach to our problem. Accordingly, one scholar would have learned the קל וחומר using as his point of departure the case of the טמא מת, whereas the other scholar would have used the קל וחומר using as his point of departure the case of the "leper." As a result the Torah had to write two restrictive expressions, i.e. מן הצרעת as well as וטהרו in order to invalidate either קל וחומר.
5וּכְדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַרְחִיק דַּעְתְּךָ דֶּרֶךְ זֶה לוֹמַר אֵיךְ יָבֹא הַכָּתוּב לְמַעֵט סְבָרָא שֶׁאֵינָהּ אֲמִתִּית, הֲלֹא תִּמְצָא שֶׁאָמְרוּ (ברכות מז:א) בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת ״עָלֶיךָ אָמַר קְרָא״, פֵּרוּשׁ הֲגַם שֶׁאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ כָּךְ, הֲרֵי שֶׁהַתַּנָּא יְבָאֵר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁבָּא לִסְבָרָא שֶׁאֵין דַּעְתּוֹ מַסְכֶּמֶת לָהּ שֶׁיָּחוּשׁ הַכָּתוּב לַסּוֹבֵר כֵּן, וְהָבֵן:
Seeing that the logic of at least one of the two scholars arguing in opposite directions must be faulty, you may ask why the Torah should have to bother to invalidate faulty reasoning by writing an extra word! The answer is that we find that the Talmud Berachot 47 on the words עליך אמר קרא, explains that there are numerous instances in Tannaitic exegesis when a verse is used to refute a statement whose logic was faulty in the first place.
6וְרָאִיתִי לְהָרַב הַמֻּפְלָא הר״י רוֹזָאנִישׁ זצוק״ל בַּסֵּפֶר הַנִּכְבָּד מִשְׁנֶה לַמֶּלֶךְ (הלכות חמץ ומצה פ״ו ה״א) שֶׁהֵבִיא בָּרַיְתָא אַחַת דּוֹמָה לְמַה שֶׁלְּפָנֵינוּ, דְּתַנְיָא בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים פֶּרֶק י״א וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״הַזֶּה חַג הַמַּצּוֹת״ – יוֹם זֶה טָעוּן מַצָּה וְאֵין חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת טָעוּן מַצָּה, שֶׁהָיָה בְּדִין, וּמָה אִם זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן סֻכָּה טָעוּן מַצָּה, זֶה שֶׁטָּעוּן סֻכָּה אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיִּטְעוֹן מַצָּה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״הַזֶּה חַג הַמַּצּוֹת״ טָעוּן מַצָּה וְכוּ׳, וְשָׁם בְּפֶרֶק י״ד תַּנְיָא וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״הַזֶּה חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת״ – זֶה טָעוּן סֻכָּה וְאֵין חַג הַמַּצּוֹת טָעוּן סֻכָּה, שֶׁהָיָה בְּדִין, וּמָה זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן מַצָּה טָעוּן סֻכָּה, חַג הַמַּצּוֹת שֶׁהוּא טָעוּן מַצָּה אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיִּטְעוֹן סֻכָּה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״הַזֶּה״ – זֶה טָעוּן סֻכָּה וְאֵין וְכוּ׳. וְהִקְשָׁה הָרַב הַקֻּשְׁיוֹת עַצְמָם שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ בְּבָרַיְתוֹת טַהֲרַת מְצוֹרָע, דִּרְשׁוּ מֵעַל סֵפֶר הָרַב מַה שֶׁתֵּרֵץ בָּזֶה. וּדְבָרָיו ז״ל קְצָת דְּחוּקִים, וּבִפְרָט לְכַת הַפּוֹסְקִים (רמב״ם ועוד) שֶׁסּוֹבְרִים דְּסָפֵק דְּאוֹרַיְתָא שֶׁמּוּתָּר מִן הַתּוֹרָה, לֹא יַעַמְדוּ דִּבְרֵי הָרַב עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם לַמְּעַיֵּן בִּדְבָרָיו.
I have seen a comment by the outstanding scholar Rabbi Yehudah Rosenish, author of Mishneh Lamelech (commentary on the יד החזקה by Maimonides) on Hilchot Chametz Umatzah 6,2, where he quotes a Baraitha similar to the one we have quoted before whose text is as follows ( Torat Kohanim chapter 11 on Leviticus 23,6): the words הזה חג המצות, mean that on this day matzot are mandatory; on Sukkot, however, matzot are not mandatory. We could have learned a קל וחומר reasoning that if a festival (Passover) which does not require that we move into a Sukkah still requires us to eat matzot, then surely a festival on which we have to move into a Sukkah requires us to eat matzot. The Torah therefore wrote הזה חג המצות to make it clear that matzot are mandatory only on Passover. In chapter 14 of the same Torat Kohanim on Leviticus 23,34 on the sequence of the words הזה חג הסוכות, the following Baraitha is quoted: These words mean that only the festival of Sukkot requires us to move out into huts whereas the festival of Passover does not include such a requirement. I could have learned a קל וחומר saying that if this festival which does not require us to eat matzot nonetheless requires us to move into huts, then a festival, i.e. Passover, which does require us to eat Matzot most certainly also requires us to move into huts. The Torah therefore writes הזה to teach us that only on the festival of Sukkot are we required to move into huts. The author of Lechem Mishneh there raises the same questions we have raised in connection with the Baraitha concerning the words מן הצרעת and וטהרו in our portion. It will be worth your while to see what Rabbi Rosenish answers there although I consider his words slightly forced. There are a number of authorities who do not consider it worth their while to examine Maimonides' rulings critically when what is at issue is a lenient ruling concerning a matter whose biblical origin is doubtful at best. [This is relevant because Maimonides' ruling concerns whether it is adequate to swallow the bitter herbs without tasting them. Ed.]
7וּלְדַעְתִּי יִתְבָּאֲרוּ הַבָּרַיְתוֹת בַּדֶּרֶךְ עַצְמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ לְמַעְלָה, וְהוּא כִּי לְצַד שֶׁיֵּשׁ פִּרְסוּם נֵס יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם בַּסֻּכָּה בִּבְחִינָה אַחַת יוֹתֵר מִפִּרְסוּם נֵס שֶׁיֵּשׁ בַּאֲכִילַת מַצָּה, כִּי הַרְבֵּה פְּעָמִים אָדָם אוֹכֵל פִּתּוֹ מַצָּה, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן מַעֲשֵׂה סֻכָּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ פִּרְסוּם גָּדוֹל. וּבְפֶסַח גַּם כֵּן בְּחִינָה אַחֶרֶת יֵשׁ בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא יוֹתֵר פִּרְסוּם הַנֵּס בְּעִתּוֹ וּבִזְמַנּוֹ, שֶׁהוּא בְּט״ו בְּנִיסָן, וְיָבֹא חָכָם שֶׁתִּהְיֶה לוֹ הַסְּבָרָא לְהַגְדִּיל פִּרְסוּם נֵס סֻכָּה שֶׁהוּא גָּדוֹל מִפִּרְסוּם אֲכִילַת מַצָּה, וְיָדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְסֻכָּה שֶׁטְּעוּנָה מַצָּה, וְיֹאמַר: ״וּמָה חַג הַמַּצּוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הִצְרִיךְ בּוֹ ה׳ כָּל כָּךְ פִּרְסוּם, עַל כָּל פָּנִים חִיְּבוֹ בְּמַצָּה לְצַד שֶׁהוּא דָּבָר הַצָּרִיךְ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, סֻכָּה שֶׁרָאִינוּ שֶׁהוּא פִּרְסוּם גָּדוֹל אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁצָּרִיךְ מַצָּה?״ תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״הַזֶּה חַג הַמַּצּוֹת״. וְתָבֹא סְבָרָא אַחֶרֶת שֶׁתָּדוּן בְּהֵפֶךְ, וְיֹאמַר כִּי דִּידֵיהּ נָצַח, וְדָחָה סְבָרָא שֶׁכְּנֶגְדּוֹ מִמַּה שֶׁמִּעֵט סֻכָּה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מַצָּה וְעִקַּר הַפִּרְסוּם הוּא הַמַּצָּה, וְיָדוּן לְחַיֵּב סֻכָּה בְּפֶסַח בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר מִסֻּכָּה שֶׁלֹּא הִצְרִיךְ בָּהּ ה׳ מַצָּה וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן הִצְרִיךְ סֻכָּה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״[הַזֶּה] חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת״. וְתֵדַע שֶׁהַתַּנָּא דּוֹרֵשׁ הַמִּעוּטִין לִשְׁתֵּי הַסְּבָרוֹת, בְּהָעִיר בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁעָשָׂה הַתַּנָּא, אֵיךְ הוֹצִיא מִפִּיו קַל וָחוֹמֶר וַעֲדַיִן אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אִם אֵינוֹ טָעוּן אֶלָּא אֶחָד אוֹ שְׁנַיִם, וּבְמַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי יָבוֹא עַל נָכוֹן. וּמַה שֶׁכָּתַב הָרַב הַגָּדוֹל בַּעַל מִשְׁנֶה לַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁלֹּא הָיִינוּ יוֹדְעִים בְּאֵיזֶה מָקוֹם נֶאֱמַר הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר וּמִסְּפֵיקָא הָיִינוּ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁחַג הַמַּצּוֹת טָעוּן סֻכָּה וְחַג הַסֻּכּוֹת טָעוּן מַצָּה, עַד כָּאן, אֵין דְּבָרָיו זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה מֻכְרָחִים, כִּי כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל לָדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְצַד שֶׁאֵינְךָ יָכוֹל לוֹמַר ״וּמָה זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן אֶלָּא זֶה״ כִּי מִי אָמַר לְךָ שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן אֶלָּא זֶה, וְדִלְמָא תָּדוּן הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר לְהֵפֶךְ וְיִהְיֶה טָעוּן ב׳, וְכֵן לַצַּד הָאַחֵר אֵין אֲנִי יָכוֹל לַעֲשׂוֹת הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר מֵהַטַּעַם עַצְמוֹ, וּמֵעַתָּה יַעֲמֹד כָּל אֶחָד בְּשֶׁלּוֹ וְלֹא תָּדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר, אִם לֹא שֶׁתֹּאמַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ פָּן לוֹמַר קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִצַּד אֶחָד וְיֵשׁ פָּן לוֹמַר הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר מִצַּד אַחֵר וְחָשׁ הַכָּתוּב לִשְׁנֵי הַצְּדָדִין, וְהוּא הַדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי.
I believe that the solution to why both of these Baraithot are quoted by Torat Kohanim is quite self-explanatory as we explained earlier. The whole point of our moving into the Sukkah is to remind ourselves of the miracles G'd performed for us after the Exodus as we know from Leviticus 23,43. This move into the Sukkah is an additional dimension of our recalling the Exodus. It was quite natural therefore to suppose that we should also eat matzot on that festival to symbolise our remembrance of that miracle seeing the Torah commanded us to sit in the Sukkah, something we do not have to do on Passover. The Torah had to write the word הזה to teach us that there is no need to do this. On the other hand, the festival of Passover also reflects a dimension of that miracle which is not present in the festival of Sukkot in that we celebrate it on the anniversary of its occurrence, on the 15th of Nissan. One could have supposed therefore that it would be in order to observe it while sitting in Sukkot, seeing that we have to sit in the Sukkah even when we observe this remembrance without it being on the anniversary of the event it commemorates. It was reasonable then for the author of the Baraitha to assume that but for the extra words הזה on both occasions such a קל וחומר would have been in order. The author tries to demolish the explanation by Lechem Mishneh arguing that if the whole קל וחומר was only based on a possible הלכה as opposed to a definite one, it could not have been called קל וחומר at all. [I have left out some of the details of this reasoning. Ed.]
י"ד:ח׳ וְכִבֶּס֩ הַמִּטַּהֵ֨ר אֶת־בְּגָדָ֜יו וְגִלַּ֣ח אֶת־כָּל־שְׂעָר֗וֹ וְרָחַ֤ץ בַּמַּ֙יִם֙ וְטָהֵ֔ר וְאַחַ֖ר יָב֣וֹא אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה וְיָשַׁ֛ב מִח֥וּץ לְאָהֳל֖וֹ שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִֽים׃
14:8 The one to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, shave off all his hair, and bathe in water; then he shall be clean. After that he may enter the camp, but he must remain outside his tent seven days.
14:8 And he that is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, and shave off all his hair, and bathe himself in water, and he shall be clean; and after that he may come into the camp, but shall dwell outside his tent seven days.
י"ד:ח׳ וִיצַבַּע דְּמִדַּכֵּי יָת לְבוּשׁוֹהִי וִיגַלַּח יָת כָּל שַׂעֲרֵיהּ וְיַסְחֵי בְמַיָּא וְיִדְכֵּי וּבָתַר כֵּן יֵעוֹל לְמַשְׁרִיתָא וִיתֵב מִבָּרָא לְמַשְׁכְּנֵיהּ שַׁבְעָא יוֹמִין:
י"ד:ח׳ אור החיים
1וְכִבֶּס הַמִּטַּהֵר וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת כִּבּוּס זֶה לָמָּה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁעוֹדֶנּוּ מְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים בִּימֵי סָפְרוֹ? וְגַם לְמָה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי (ויקרא יד:ז) כִּי טֻמְאָה זוֹ שֶׁמְּכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו עָלֶיהָ הִיא הַפְסָקַת הַצָּרַעַת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁדִּיַּקְתִּי מֵאָמְרוֹ ״מִן הַצָּרַעַת״, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו וְעוֹדֶנּוּ מְטַמֵּא אוֹתָם. וּבְתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים מָצָאתִי שֶׁאָמְרוּ וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״וְכִבֶּס״ מַה בָּא לְלַמֵּד? אִם לְלַמֵּד שֶׁמְּטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים בְּמַגָּע, קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִבִּימֵי סָפְרוֹ וְכוּ׳, אֶלָּא אֶחָד מִלְּטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב וְאֶחָד מִלְּטַמֵּא בְּמַגָּע, עַד כָּאן. וּכְפִי זֶה אָמַר וְכִבֶּס וְגוֹ׳ לוֹמַר שֶׁפָּסְקָה טֻמְאַת מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב. וְהִנֵּה עִקַּר הֶכְרֵחַ דְּרָשַׁת תּוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא מִכֹּחַ קֻשְׁיָתֵנוּ, וְלֹא הֻצְרְכוּ לְפָרְשָׁהּ לְצַד פְּשִׁיטוּתָהּ, כִּי זוּלַת קֻשְׁיָתֵנוּ אֵין הֶכְרֵחַ אָמְרוֹ ״מַה בָּא לְלַמֵּד״ הֶכְרֵחַ, כִּי מִי אָמַר לָנוּ שֶׁבָּא לְלַמֵּד? דִּלְמָא בָּא לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו יוֹם שֶׁנִּטְהַר מֵהַצָּרַעַת וְיוֹם גְּמַר סְפִירַת שִׁבְעָה יָמִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁצִּוָּה ה׳ לְגַלֵּחַ כָּל שְׂעָרוֹ וְלִרְחֹץ כָּל בְּשָׂרוֹ בְּיוֹם שֶׁנִּטְהַר וְסוֹף יְמֵי הַסְּפִירָה, כְּמוֹ כֵן צִוָּה ה׳ עַל הַכִּבּוּס. אֶלָּא וַדַּאי עִקַּר קֻשְׁיָתוֹ הִיא שֶׁלֹּא יְכַבֵּס אִם עֲדַיִן מְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים, וְלָזֶה בְּהֶכְרֵחַ אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא בָּא אֶלָּא לְלַמֵּד דָּבָר, וְלָזֶה אָמַר: מַה בָּא לְלַמֵּד אִם לְלַמֵּד וְכוּ׳ קַל וָחוֹמֶר הוּא וְתֵרֵץ וְכוּ׳.
וכבס המטהר את בגדיו, and the person to be "cleansed" is to wash his garments, etc. Why does the Torah decree this washing of the garments seeing that during the ensuing seven days the מטהר keeps on conferring impurity on garments by contact with them? I have explained on verse 7 that the words מן הצרעת refer to the impurity his body had suffered from up until now and which he is rid of, and this requires that at some stage he washes his garments in order to purify them, why do it now when they will likely become defiled again immediately by a different level of ritual impurity? I have found the following answer to this in Torat Kohanim. "What does the word וכבס teach us? If it is to tell us that the "leper" conferred ritual impurity on these garments through touching them, I did not need a verse to tell us this as I could have arrived at this by a קל וחומר based on the status of the afflicted person while he awaits the priest's final decision. During those days he does not confer impurity on people by reason of his entering the camp (based on Leviticus 13,3) although his garments become impure on contact. During the purification days when he would confer impurity on entering the camp, surely his garments also absorb impurity from him during those days? The verse therefore informs us about the additional ways the מטהר confers impurity, i.e. through someone sitting on those garments or lying on them even without touching them. Thus far Torat Kohanim. According to this, the word וכבס would indicate that after this washing the garments of the person undergoing purification rites will no longer confer impurity by someone lying on them or sitting on them. The main thrust of the Torat Kohanim's comment on the word וכבס is based on our very question that the procedure seems useless seeing the clothing will become impure again immediately. There was no need to question the plain meaning of the word וכבס, seeing washing will result in purification of the garments. There would have been nothing unusual in the Torah requiring someone to remove impurity at the first possible opportunity; we would not have had to look for any explanation beyond this were it not for the question of what function such washing of the clothing would serve at that stage. The Torah did issue similar directives when it comes to the shaving of the hair of the מטהר which also is something that has to occur both on the first day of the purification rites as well as on the seventh day.
2וְרָאִיתִי לְרַבֵּינוּ הִלֵּל שֶׁכָּתַב לִמְחוֹק גִּרְסַת ״לְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב״ מִכֹּחַ הַהוּא שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּאֵלּוּ דְבָרִים (פסחים סז:) דְּזָב חָמוּר מִמְּצוֹרָע שֶׁמְּטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב, וְגוֹרֵם לְטַמֵּא בְּבִיאָה. וְלִדְבָרָיו צָרִיךְ לִמְחוֹק כַּמָּה בָּרַיְתוֹת גַּם כֵּן הַבָּאִים שָׁם בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים דְּקָתָנֵי שֶׁהַמְּצוֹרָע מְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב. וּכְבָר דָּחָה דְּבָרָיו הָרַב בַּעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן בִּדְחִיָּה שֶׁאֵין אַחֲרֶיהָ סְמִיכָה. וּמַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּאֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהַזָּב חָמוּר מִמְּצוֹרָע, כֵּן הוּא כְּפִי הָאֱמֶת שֶׁבִּימֵי סָפְרוֹ שֶׁל זָב מְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב וִימֵי סָפְרוֹ שֶׁל מְצוֹרָע אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב, וְהוּא הַדָּבָר שֶׁלָּמַדְנוּ מֵאָמְרוֹ ״וְכִבֶּס הַמִּטַּהֵר״ שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, וְכֵן פָּסְקוּ רַמְבַּ״ם וְכָל הַפּוֹסְקִים, וְרַבֵּינוּ הִלֵּל לֹא כִּוֵּן בָּזֶה אֶל הַנָּכוֹן.
I have seen that Rabbenu Hillel actually writes that the conclusion of Torat Kohanim that as of the time of this washing the clothing of the מטהר no longer confers impurity by sitting on them or lying on them should be stricken from the text. The reason he advances for this is a statement in Pessachim 67 that the ritual impurity of a person suffering an involuntary seminal emission, זב, is more severe than that of a person afflicted with צרעת seeing that a זב confers impurity on anything he sits or sleeps on and also is a cause of impurity by entering areas forbidden to him. If Rabbenu Hillel were correct we would have to emend the text of a number of Baraithot in which it is expressly stated that the "leper" causes impurity to things he sits on or lies on. The author of Korban Aharon has already refuted the arguments voiced by Rabbenu Hillel. It is argued there that the claim that a זב is indeed afflicted with a deeper degree of impurity is true during the days he counts towards his purification when he causes impurity to what he sits on and lies on whereas the מטהר does not. The מצורע on the other hand, does not cause this kind of impurity during the days he counts towards final purification. This is precisely what we learned from the words וכבס המטהר occurring both in verse 8 and in verse 9. Maimonides and all the other authorities are unanimous in this ruling. Rabbenu Hillel was not correct in this instance.
3וְרָחַץ בַּמַּיִם וְגוֹ׳. בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים אָמְרוּ וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״בַּמַּיִם״ – אֲפִלּוּ בְּמֵי מִקְוֶה, וַהֲלֹא דִּין הוּא: זָב שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן הַזָּיַת מַיִם חַיִּים טָעוּן בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, מְצֹרָע שֶׁטָּעוּן וְכוּ׳. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״וְרָחַץ בַּמַּיִם״ אֲפִלּוּ וְכוּ׳, עַד כָּאן. פְּשַׁט דִּבְרֵיהֶם הוּא שֶׁדּוֹרְשִׁים יִתּוּר תֵּבַת ״בַּמַּיִם״ שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אֶלָּא ״וְרָחַץ״, וְכֵן פֵּרֵשׁ בַּעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן. וְקָשֶׁה, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר מִעֵט הַכָּתוּב בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים בִּמְצֹרָע בְּפָרָשַׁת זָב, כִּדְתַנְיָא שָׁם (ויקרא טו:יג) בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים: ״וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בְּמַיִם חַיִּים״ – הַזָּב טָעוּן מַיִם חַיִּים וְאֵין הַמְּצֹרָע טָעוּן מַיִם חַיִּים, וַהֲלֹא דִּין הוּא וּמָה אִם הַזָּב וְכוּ׳, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ בְּמַיִם חַיִּים״ – הַזָּב טָעוּן וְכוּ׳ וְאֵין הַמְּצֹרָע טָעוּן וְכוּ׳, עַד כָּאן. מַשְׁמַע כִּי מִיִּתּוּר תֵּבַת ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ דּוֹרֵשׁ כֵּן, וְכֵן פֵּרֵשׁ הָרַב בַּעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן, אִם כֵּן לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״בַּמַּיִם״? וְאֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר כִּי עִקַּר דְּרָשַׁת הַתַּנָּא הוּא מִיִּתּוּר תֵּבַת ״בַּמַּיִם״, מִמֶּנָּה דּוֹרֵשׁ לְרַבּוֹת מֵי מִקְוֶה, וְתֵבַת ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ אִצְטְרִיךְ לְמַעֵט בְּגָדָיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁדָּרַשׁ שָׁם גַּם כֵּן בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים, וּמַה שֶׁסָּמַךְ גַּם כֵּן לָהּ מִעוּט מַיִם חַיִּים בִּמְצֹרָע, בַּאֲגַב, וְסָמַךְ עַל יִתּוּר תֵּבַת ״בַּמַּיִם״, וּבָזֶה לֹא קַשְׁיָא לָמָּה דּוֹרֵשׁ מִתֵּבַת ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ שְׁתֵּי דְּרָשׁוֹת. וּבַעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן פֵּרֵשׁ כִּי דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמַּה שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר ״וְרָחַץ הַזָּב״ וְאָמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״, וְלִדְבָרֵינוּ אֵין אָנוּ צְרִיכִין לָזֶה.
ורחץ במים וטהר, and he will bathe himself and be "clean." Torat Kohanim write that the additional word במים means that even immersion in a מקוה, a ritual bath, is acceptable. If not for that word, we could have learned the following קל וחומר. If a זב who does not require to be sprinkled with running water from a well, nonetheless has to immerse himself in running water from a well, i.e. מים חיים, the מצורע who does require to be sprinkled with such running water would most certainly also have to immerse himself in such running water from a well; the Torah therefore writes: ורחץ במים to teach us that the water of a ritual bath suffices for this washing. The author of Korban Aharon explains the extra word במים in the same vein. The difficulty with this exegetical comment is that according to the author of Torat Kohanim the Torah had already informed us in 15,13 on the words ורחץ בשרו במים חיים that only the זב requires immersion in running water from a well and not a מצורע. The reasoning presented there is identical to that presented here. The only difference is that in 15,13 the word בשרו is the one considered extraneous whereas in our verse it appears to be the word במים. The author of Korban Aharon also concurs. If all this is correct, why did the Torah write the word במים in our verse? Perhaps one may answer that the author of Torat Kohanim considers the word במים in our verse as crucial to his inference that the words "in water" are a suitable expression if the subject is a ritual bath, מקוה. The word בשרו, his flesh, is really needed primarily to exclude the need to wash his clothing in running water from a well but that it may be washed in any kind of water. Torat Kohanim on 15,13 explains this also. The author overcomes the accusation that he wanted to use the word בשרו for two exegetical comments by mentioning the word במים in our verse for this combined exegesis. Korban Aharon, on the other hand, bases himself on the Torah not writing ורחץ הזב, but merely ורחץ בשרו. If you adopt our approach you do not need all this.
4וּמַה שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים בְּפָרָשַׁת צַו בְּפָסוּק (ויקרא ו:כא) ״וּמֹרַק וְשֻׁטַּף בַּמָּיִם״ הָאָמוּר בִּכְלִי שֶׁנִּתְבַּשְּׁלָה בּוֹ חַטָּאת, וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״וְשֻׁטַּף״ יָכוֹל בְּאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בַּמָּיִם״ כָּל שֶׁהֵן, ״בַּמָּיִם״ וְלֹא בְּיַיִן וְלֹא בְּמָזוּג, עַד כָּאן. אֵין לְדַמּוֹת יִתּוּר ״בַּמָּיִם״ הָאָמוּר בְּחַטָּאת לְיִתּוּר ״בַּמַּיִם״ הָאָמוּר כָּאן, כִּי שָׁם אִם לֹא אָמַר ״בַּמָּיִם״ לֹא הָיִיתִי מַצְרִיכוֹ אֶלָּא אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה מֵי מִקְוֶה, שֶׁאֵין לָנוּ צַד לוֹמַר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ מַיִם חַיִּים לוֹמַר שֶׁבָּא הַכָּתוּב לְמַעֲטוֹ, וּמֻכְרָח לוֹמַר שֶׁבָּא לְמַעֵט גּוּפָן שֶׁל אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן ״בַּמַּיִם״ הָאָמוּר כָּאן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ צַד לוֹמַר שֶׁצְּרִיכִין מַיִם חַיִּים וּבָא יִתּוּר ״בַּמַּיִם״, שָׁדֵינָן לֵיהּ לְמַעֵט מַיִם חַיִּים, וְהַבָּא לוֹמַר שֶׁמְּמַעֵט אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה מִנַּיִן. וּמַה שֶׁהוֹסִיף שָׁם לִדְרֹשׁ ״בַּמָּיִם״ וְלֹא בְּיַיִן וְכוּ׳, אֵין זֶה אֶלָּא מֵהַמַּשְׁמָעוּת וְלֹא מֵהַיִּתּוּר. וְעַיֵּן פָּסוּק שֶׁאַחַר זֶה יִשּׁוּב הָעִנְיָן בְּאֹפֶן אַחֵר.
Concerning another comment by Torat Kohanim on Leviticus 6,21 ומרק ושוטף במים, "it shall be scoured and rinsed in water," where the Torah speaks of the vessel wherein the sin-offering has been cooked, we find another definition of the Torah's use of the word במים when not defined further. Here is the text of Torat Kohanim there. "If the Torah had only written ושטף, I would have concluded that it is required to be immersed in at least 40 Sa-ah of water, i.e. a ritual bath. The additional word במים teaches that a minimal amount of water is sufficient. The word במים also excludes wine as the liquid in which such an earthenware vessel may be scoured." We cannot compare the superfluous word במים the Torah wrote in connection with the sin-offering with the superfluous word במים in our verse. If the Torah had not written the word במים in Leviticus 6,21 I would not have required more than 40 Sa-ah of the waters of a ritual bath. We would not have jumped to the conclusion that the vessels in question had to be scoured in מים חיים, running water from a well, and that the extra word במים precluded this requirement. I would simply have concluded that the word was necessary to tell us that what is required is 40 Sa-ah of "mikveh-water" rather than any quantity of any kind of water. This is not so in our context. If not for the restrictive word במים, I would have had cause to assume that what is required is running water from a well. The extra word במים therefore teaches us that no מים חיים, running water from a well, is required. If Torat Kohanim on Leviticus 6,21 added that the word במים means that the vessel must not be scoured in wine, this is not derived from the word במים being extraneous but from the plain meaning of the word, i.e. "water, yes, wine , no."
י"ד:ט׳ וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֜י יְגַלַּ֣ח אֶת־כָּל־שְׂעָר֗וֹ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֤וֹ וְאֶת־זְקָנוֹ֙ וְאֵת֙ גַּבֹּ֣ת עֵינָ֔יו וְאֶת־כָּל־שְׂעָר֖וֹ יְגַלֵּ֑חַ וְכִבֶּ֣ס אֶת־בְּגָדָ֗יו וְרָחַ֧ץ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֛וֹ בַּמַּ֖יִם וְטָהֵֽר׃
14:9 On the seventh day he shall shave off all his hair—of head, beard, and eyebrows. When he has shaved off all his hair, he shall wash his clothes and bathe his body in water; then he shall be clean.
14:9 And it shall be on the seventh day, that he shall shave all his hair off his head and his beard and his eyebrows, even all his hair he shall shave off; and he shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and he shall be clean.
י"ד:ט׳ וִיהֵי בְיוֹמָא שְׁבִיעָאָה יְגַלַּח יָת כָּל שַׂעֲרֵיהּ יָת רֵישֵׁיהּ וְיָת דִּקְנֵיהּ וְיָת גְּבִינֵי עֵינוֹהִי וְיָת כָּל שַׂעֲרֵיהּ יְגַלָּח וִיצַבַּע יָת לְבוּשׁוֹהִי וְיַסְחֵי יָת בִּסְרֵיהּ בְּמַיָּא וְיִדְכֵּי:
י"ד:ט׳ אור החיים
1וְרָחַץ אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם – צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לָמָּה אָמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״, לְפִי מַה שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה בְּמַה שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּזָב (ויקרא טו:יג): ״וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ״, לָמָּה אָמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״? וְדָרְשׁוּ לְמַעֵט מְצוֹרָע וּלְמַעֵט בְּגָדָיו. שְׁתֵּי דְּרָשׁוֹת הַלָּלוּ לֹא יֻצְדְּקוּ בְּיִתּוּר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ הָאָמוּר כָּאן. גַּם לָמָּה אָמַר ״בַּמַּיִם״ יְתֵרָה, וְכָאן לֹא יֻצְדַּק מַה שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ בְּפָסוּק רִאשׁוֹן, מִשּׁוּם כִּי בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה לָנוּ לִטְעוֹת לְהַצְרִיכוֹ מַיִם חַיִּים מִמַּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּהַזָּאָתוֹ מַיִם חַיִּים, וּבְטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה אֵין לָנוּ מָקוֹם לָדוּן בָּהּ מַיִם חַיִּים. וְאִם בָּאתָ לוֹמַר שֶׁכָּל טַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע עִנְיָן אֶחָד הוּא, אִם כֵּן הֲרֵי כְּבָר מִעֵט מַיִם חַיִּים אֲפִלּוּ בְּטַהֲרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ לְהֶדְיָא מַיִם חַיִּים.
ורחץ את בשרו במים וטהר and he will bathe his flesh in water and be "clean." Why did the Torah have to write the word בשרו, his flesh? We have stated that the word בשרו in 15,13 in connection with the זב meant that only the זב and not the מצורע requires immersion in מים חיים, and that the word excludes washing of the clothing in מים חיים from the requirement. It is not possible to justify both these exegetical comments from the use of a single word בשרו. Now that this word appears here also and is not needed in its own right, the comment of Korban Aharon on 15,13 is acceptable. We can also ask why the word במים had to be written in this verse again. The explanation we offered for that word being written in verse 8 does not apply here. In that verse we could have erred by thinking that but for that word the מטהר would have had to immerse himself in מים חיים, seeing he had already had to undergo sprinkling with מים חיים. There was no reason to make such a קל וחומר the second time. If you were to argue that the whole procedure of purifying the מצורע is a single procedure and that therefore any possible misunderstanding and the subsequent קל וחומר would apply equally to both washings, we have already eliminated the need for bathing in מים חיים, even in an instance when sprinkling with מים חיים had been necessary. There could not have been room for error then to make the word במים necessary a second time.
2וְיֵשׁ לוֹמַר, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהָיָה מָקוֹם לְבַעַל הַדִּין לַחְלֹק וְלוֹמַר: לֹא מִעֵט הַכָּתוּב בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים מֵהַמְּצֹרָע אֶלָּא לְטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁאֵין עוֹלֶה בָּהּ מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ כְּזָב שֶׁנִּטְהַר לַחֲלוּטִין מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ, אֲבָל טַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁעוֹלֶה בָּהּ מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ לַחֲלוּטִין כְּטַהֲרַת זָב, עֲדַיִן אֲנִי דָּן בִּמְקוֹמוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִגְרַע מֵהַזָּב וְצָרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים. וַהֲגַם שֶׁבְּטַהֲרָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ הַזָּאַת מַיִם חַיִּים שֶׁהוּא כֹּחַ הַקַּל וָחֹמֶר, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן טַהֲרַת הַמְּצֹרָע עִנְיָן אֶחָד הוּא כֻּלָּהּ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בַּמַּיִם פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה לוֹמַר שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בַּטַּהֲרָה הַמַּעֲלֵהוּ מִכָּל טֻמְאָה אֵין צָרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים כְּזָב.
We would have to answer that the scholar arguing that without the word במים a second time, the only thing which the first word במים eliminated was the need for מים חיים for his first bathing, something that anyway did not confer complete purity on him. On the other hand, we could have argued that the final bathing, which results in the absolute purity of the מטהר, would require מים חיים unless specifically excluded by the word במים again in our verse. We must not forget that the זב is purified completely by a single bathing (15,14). The two situations are therefore not comparable. Even though the second purification process of the מצורע is not accompanied by sprinkling of מים חיים, I could have argued that it should not involve a procedure inferior to that of the זב. If the Torah wrote the word במים also in our verse, this teaches that no מים חיים is required in the final bathing of the מצורע.
3וְדִקְדֵּק לוֹמַר בְּשָׂרוֹ שֶׁעָלָיו בָּא הַמִּשְׁפָּט בְּזָב שֶׁצָּרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, וְזוּלַת זִכְרוֹן ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ כָּאן הָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא מִעֵט מַיִם חַיִּים אֶלָּא לְכֵלָיו, אֲבָל בְּשָׂרוֹ עוֹדֶנּוּ נִדּוֹן בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר מֵהַזָּב. וַהֲגַם שֶׁכֵּלָיו אֵינָם בָּאִים בְּקַל וָחוֹמֶר מֵהַזָּב שֶׁיֻּצְרַךְ הַכָּתוּב לְמַעֲטָם, וּכְשֶׁנָּבֹא לָדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מֵהַזָּב נֹאמַר דַּיּוֹ לַבָּא מִן הַדִּין לִהְיוֹת כַּנִּדּוֹן, מַה הַנִּדּוֹן גּוּפוֹ וְלֹא כֵּלָיו וְכוּ׳, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן עֲדַיִן יֵשׁ מָקוֹם לָחוּשׁ לַבָּא לִסְבּוֹר וְלוֹמַר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁהִצְרִיךְ בְּהַזָּאָתוֹ מַיִם חַיִּים, גַּם כֵּלָיו צְרִיכִין מַיִם חַיִּים. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם, ״בַּמַּיִם״ יְתֵרָה לוֹמַר שֶׁעוֹלֶה בְּמֵי מִקְוֶה אֲפִלּוּ בְּשָׂרוֹ.
The Torah was particular to write the word בשרו which is the very word which caused us to argue in the case of the זב that he needed to bathe himself in running water from a well. Had the word בשרו not been mentioned in our verse also, I would have concluded that the only thing which the word במים excluded was the need to wash the clothing, etc., of the מצורע in מים חיים, but that he would have to bathe at least his body in running water from a well based on the קל וחומר from the situation the Torah describes when telling us about the purification rites of the זב.
4וְאִם תֹּאמַר, יֹאמַר הַכָּתוּב ״וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם״ וְלֹא יִצְרַךְ לוֹמַר ״בַּמַּיִם״ בְּפָסוּק אַחֵר. מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר לֹא מִעֵט הַכָּתוּב בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים אֶלָּא בְּטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִשְׁפַּט הַזָּאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן טְבִילָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁהִצְרִיךְ הַזָּאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, עֲדַיִן אֲנִי דָּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִזָּב – תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בַּמַּיִם״. וְאֵין לְהַקְשׁוֹת עַל זֶה, כִּי אֵין אָנוּ יְכוֹלִין לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא בָּא הַמִּעוּט אֶלָּא בְּטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה מִשּׁוּם שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ הַזָּאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין אַתָּה מַצְרִיךְ הַמִּעוּט לְמַעֵט בָּהּ מַיִם חַיִּים אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם קַל וָחוֹמֶר, וְהַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר אֵינוֹ חָל אֶלָּא אִם תֹּאמַר כָּל טַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע אַחַת הִיא, וּמִשְׁפַּט מַיִם חַיִּים שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב בִּמְצוֹרָע בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה יְסוֹבֵב לָדוּן קַל וָחוֹמֶר אֲפִלּוּ עַל טַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה, וְאִם כֵּן כְּשֶׁבָּא הַמִּעוּט בְּטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה כְּאִלּוּ בָּא גַּם בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה וְלֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ. זוֹ אֵינָהּ קֻשְׁיָא, שֶׁהָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר כִּי מִמַּה שֶׁלֹּא מִעֵט הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא בְּטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה וְלֹא בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, בָּזֶה עָקַר לִי סְבָרָא שֶׁהָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁכָּל טַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע אַחַת הִיא, וְהָיִיתִי מַצְרִיךְ בִּמְצוֹרָע בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים בִּשְׁתֵּי טְבִילוֹת. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם״ בִּטְבִילָה שְׁנִיָּה, לְמַעֵט בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, וְהִנִּיחַ הַקַּל וָחוֹמֶר מְיֻחָד לִטְבִילָה רִאשׁוֹנָה דַּוְקָא. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בַּמַּיִם״ בִּטְבִילָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ טְבִילָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ הַזָּאַת מַיִם חַיִּים אֵין צְרִיכָה בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים. אֶלָּא עֲדַיִן יֵשׁ לָנוּ לוֹמַר שֶׁבִּטְבִילָה שְׁנִיָּה הוּא שֶׁמְּמַעֵט ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״, אֲבָל טְבִילָה רִאשׁוֹנָה לֹא מִעֵט לְהֶדְיָא ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי אִם לֹא הָיָה אוֹמֵר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ בְּפָסוּק שֵׁנִי, וְיָדַיִם מוֹכִיחוֹת עַל הַדָּבָר מִמַּה שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק הַכָּתוּב לוֹמַר ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ בְּטַהֲרָה שְׁנִיָּה וְלֹא בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, הֲרֵי זֶה מַרְאֶה בָּאֶצְבַּע כִּי בְּטַהֲרָה רִאשׁוֹנָה צָרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים לִבְשָׂרוֹ. וּמֵעַתָּה בָּאנוּ לְמַה שֶׁהֻצְרְכוּ לִדְרֹשׁ מִ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב בְּזָב שֶׁבָּא לְמַעֵט בְּשָׂרוֹ שֶׁל מְצוֹרָע, וְהִקְשֵׁינוּ לָמָּה הֻצְרַךְ, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נִתְמַעֵט מִתֵּבַת ״בַּמַּיִם״, מֵעַתָּה אֵין קֻשְׁיָא, כִּי צָרִיךְ מִעוּט זֶה גַּם כֵּן לְמַעֵט גַּם טְבִילַת גּוּפוֹ. וּמַה שֶׁקָּבַע הַתַּנָּא הַמִּעוּט שֶׁל גּוּפוֹ מִתֵּבַת ״בַּמַּיִם״, עִקַּר דְּרָשָׁתוֹ הוּא מִ״בְּשָׂרוֹ״ הָאֲמוּרָה בָּזֶה, וְקָבַע הַתַּנָּא עִקַּר הַדִּין בִּמְקוֹמוֹ, וְהָבֵן.
You may be tempted to ask why the Torah did not merely write ורחץ בשרו במים in verse 9 and the word במים would have been totally unnecessary in verse 8. The reason this does not work is that I would then have argued that the need for מים חיים was eliminated only for the second bathing which did not have to be preceded by sprinkling the מצורע with מים חיים. This argument, however, is not true for the first bathing by the מטהר which was preceded by his being sprinkled with מים חיים. I would then still have learned the קל וחומר from the זב so that I would have needed the word במים to counter that קל וחומר. [The author continues examining other alternatives for another page or so. I have decided to omit those in the interest of brevity. Ed.]
5וּבְדֶרֶךְ רֶמֶז תִּרְמֹז הַפָּרָשָׁה עַל גָּלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר כִּי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בְּחִינַת הַצָּרַעַת, וְיִשְׁלְטוּ בָהֶם לְצַד הַטַּעַם עַצְמוֹ שֶׁיְּסוֹבֵב הַצָּרַעַת. וְתִמְצָא גַּם כֵּן שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה שֶׁלֹּא נִגְאֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם אֶלָּא לְצַד שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה בָהֶם בַּעֲלֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרַע, דִּכְתִיב ״וְשָׁאֲלָה אִשָּׁה״ וְגוֹ׳ (שמות ג:כב), וְדָבָר זֶה הָיָה בְּיָדָם שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ וְכוּ׳. גַּם אֵין לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁמַּרְחִיק הָאָדָם מִן קוֹנוֹ כְּלָשׁוֹן הָרַע, וְלָזֶה אָמְרָה הַתּוֹרָה זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע שֶׁהוּא עַם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּצְטָרַע בְּנִגְעֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם הַטְּמֵאִים, בְּיוֹם טָהֳרָתוֹ שֶׁיְּטַהֵר לְשׁוֹנוֹ וּדְרָכָיו, וְהוּבָא אֶל הַכֹּהֵן כִּי ה׳ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִתְכַּנֶּה בְּשֵׁם כֹּהֵן, כָּאָמוּר בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר בְּפָסוּק ״וְהוּבָא אֶל הַכֹּהֵן״. וְאָמַר ״וְהוּבָא״ לְצַד שֶׁנִּתְרַחֵק, עַכְשָׁיו יִתְקָרֵב וּבָא אֶל הַכֹּהֵן, וְתֵכֶף וּמִיָּד ״כִּי מִי גּוֹי גָּדוֹל וְגוֹ׳ אֱלֹהִים קְרוֹבִים אֵלָיו״. וְאָמַר ״וְהוּבָא״, פֵּרוּשׁ, מֵעַצְמוֹ יִתְקָרֵב כִּי מַעֲשָׂיו יְקָרְבוּהוּ וְיִקָּרֵא קָרוֹב, דִּכְתִיב ״שָׁלוֹם וְגוֹ׳ וְלַקָּרוֹב״ (ישעיהו נז:יט), וְאָז ״וְיָצָא ה׳ וְנִלְחַם״ וְגוֹ׳ (זכריה יד:ג). וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וְיָצָא הַכֹּהֵן אֶל מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה שֶׁהִיא חוּץ לְמַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָתוֹ לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מָקוֹם טָמֵא, שֶׁשָּׁם בַּעֲוֹנוֹתֵינוּ הֵם גּוֹלִים בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְרָאָה וְהִנֵּה נִרְפָּא הַנֶּגַע שֶׁבַּעֲדוֹ בָּא הַצָּרַעַת, שֶׁחָזְרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה וְנִטְהָרוּ.
A moral-ethical approach to this whole paragraph sees it as describing Israel's exile. According to the Zohar the Gentiles are viewed as a צרעת infesting Israel, and dominating them by means of this plague. The plague of צרעת is viewed a "surrounding or encircling" the Israelites bodies. You will also find statements by our sages that even in Egypt Israel's redemption was only possible because they did not indulge in לשון הרע, bad-mouthing each other. This compliment is based on Exodus 3,22 where the Israelites are told that they should ask their neighbours to lend them silver and golden trinkets something they did not do until 12 months later in Exodus 11,2. They were able to contain themselves during all this time without taunting their Egyptian neighbours during this entire period. No single sin results in as much alienation between man and his Maker as the sin of לשון הרע, careless and even defamatory use of one's tongue. This is why the Torah wrote: זאת תהיה תורת המצורע, referring to the Jewish people which had become victimised by this affliction. The words ביום טהרתו imply that Israel is to purify itself by refraining from the sin of לשון הרע and all that it involves. The word הכהן in the sentence והובא אל הכהן refers to G'd. Having previously been alienated from its G'd, the repentance of the Jewish people will once again bring it close to Him (compare Zohar based on the verse in Isaiah 57,19: שלום שלום לרחוק ולקרוב, "Peace, peace to the far and subsequently near.") Following this reconciliation, G'd is described in Zachariah 14,3 as "going out to fight the nations of the world." This is alluded to here by the words ויצא הכהן אל מחוץ למחנה, that G'd had left the camp of the שכינה, i.e. the land of Israel, to a place of impurity to which the Israelites were exiled due to their sins. וראה הכהן והנה נרפא הנגע and as soon as G'd sees that the sin which was the cause of the plague (the exile under the dominion of the Gentiles) has been healed,
6וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְלָקַח לַמִּטַּהֵר שְׁתֵּי צִפֳּרִים חַיּוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת – הֵם שְׁנֵי מְשִׁיחִים, וְנִקְרָא צִפּוֹר כִּי כֵן יִתְכַּנּוּ נְשָׁמוֹת הָעֶלְיוֹנוֹת כַּיָּדוּעַ. וְעוֹד מָצִינוּ שֶׁיִּתְכַּנֶּה הַגּוֹאֵל לְצִפּוֹר, וְזֶה לְךָ לְשׁוֹן הַזֹּהַר בְּפָרָשַׁת בָּלָק (במדבר כד:יז): וּמֵהַהוּא מְעַרְתָּא יִסְגֵּא חַד עוֹפָא רַבְרְבָא עִלָּאָה דְּיִשְׁלוֹט בְּעָלְמָא וְלֵיהּ יִתְיְהִיב מַלְכוּתָא וְכוּ׳ עַד כָּאן. וּמָצִינוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה שֶׁשְּׁנֵי מְשִׁיחֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן אֶפְרַיִם וּמָשִׁיחַ בֶּן דָּוִד, וּבַתְּחִלָּה יִתְגַּלֶּה מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן אֶפְרַיִם וְיָמוּת, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִתְגַּלֶּה מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן דָּוִד. וּכְנֶגֶד שְׁנֵי אֵלּוּ אָמַר ״וְלָקַח לַמִּטַּהֵר שְׁתֵּי צִפֳּרִים חַיּוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת״, כָּל אֵלּוּ הַכִּנּוּיִים הֵם מַעֲלוֹת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה כַּיָּדוּעַ לְיוֹדְעֵי דַעַת.
וצוה הכהן, G'd will issue directives for two birds to be taken, etc. These two birds represent the two Messiahs, the Mashiach ben Yoseph and the Mashiach ben David. The reason the Messiah is called a bird is that this is a description for souls in the higher regions. The Zohar on פרשת בלק Numbers 24,17 quotes another example of the Messiah being called a "bird." We quote: "From this cave there emerges a very great bird which will rule over the world and the kingdom will be handed over to him." All these expressions are euphemisms for celestial forces as any student of the Kabbalah is aware of. We have found that the first Messiah will be from the tribe of Ephrayim who will nevertheless die while revealing himself; he will be followed by the Messiah descended from David. When the Torah speaks of G'd taking "two birds which are pure," these words are similes for the two kinds of Messiah.
7וְאָמְרוֹ וְעֵץ אֶרֶז וּשְׁנִי תוֹלַעַת וְאֵזוֹב – רֶמֶז לִזְכוּת שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת: עֵץ אֶרֶז הוּא אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהוּא הָאָדָם הַגָּדוֹל בָּעֲנָקִים, וּשְׁנִי תוֹלַעַת יַעֲקֹב עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ ״אַל תִּירְאִי תּוֹלַעַת יַעֲקֹב״ (ישעיהו מא:יד), וְאֵזוֹב הוּא יִצְחָק שֶׁהוּא בְּחִינַת הַגְּבוּרָה, שֶׁצָּרִיךְ צֵרוּף זְכוּת שְׁלָשְׁתָּן.
The words ועץ ארז ושני חולעת ואזב, "and the cedar-wood and the scarlet and the hyssop," are allusions to the merits of the three patriarchs. Abraham is represented by the word עץ ארז; He was a man of gigantic spiritual stature. Jacob is represented by the words ושני תולעת, seeing he is called by that "nickname" in Isaiah 41,14 i.e. אל תירא תולעז יעקב, "do not be afraid O worm Jacob;" Isaac is represented by the word אזוב, seeing Isaac symbolises the attribute of גבורה, strength, heroism. The Messiah will have to combine all those attributes within himself.
8וְאָמַר וְשָׁחַט, כָּאן רָמַז לַהֲרִיגַת מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן אֶפְרַיִם, כְּמַאֲמָרוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ אֶל כְּלִי חֶרֶשׂ עַל מַיִם חַיִּים, פֵּרוּשׁ, בִּשְׁבִיל כַּפָּרַת הָעָם פִּדְיוֹן נַפְשָׁם. וְכִנָּה אוֹתָם כְּלִי חֶרֶס עַל דֶּרֶךְ ״וַיִּיצֶר ה׳ אֶת הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן הָאֲדָמָה״ (בראשית ב:ז) שֶׁהוּא כְּלִי חֶרֶס. וְהַכַּוָּנָה בָּזֶה, לְצַד שֶׁנִּשְׁאֲרוּ כִּכְלִי חֶרֶס שֶׁעוֹמֵד לִשְׁבִירָה, לְצַד גֵּרְעוֹן הַתּוֹרָה הַמִּתְיַחֶסֶת לְמַיִם חַיִּים, עַל סִבַּת מַיִם חַיִּים שֶׁאֵין בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל תּוֹרָה, וְעַל זֶה תִּשָּׁחֵט הַצִּפּוֹר הָאַחַת. גַּם בְּאֶמְצָעוּת דָּבָר זֶה יִלְבַּשׁ ה׳ בִּגְדֵי נָקָם הֵפֶךְ מִדּוֹתָיו הָרַחֲמִים, וְיַעֲשֶׂה כָּלָה לַגּוֹיִם הַמְּרֵעִים. וּמִמּוֹצָא דָּבָר אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאִם יִהְיֶה בָּהֶם תּוֹרָה לֹא יָמוּת הַצַּדִּיק. וְתִמְצָא שֶׁכָּתַב הָאֲרִ״י זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְכַוֵּן בַּתְּפִלָּה הַקְּבוּעָה לְהִתְפַּלֵּל עַל זֶה הַצַּדִּיק שֶׁלֹּא יָמוּת, פֵּרוּשׁ, כִּי בְּאֶמְצָעוּת הַתְּפִלָּה יִתְרַבֶּה זְכוּתוֹ וְיָעֳמַד חַי וְתִתְבַּטֵּל גְּזֵרַת מָוֶת מִמֶּנּוּ.
The word ושחט in this context is an allusion to the death of the first Messiah as G'd said אל כלי חרש על מים חיים. He will die as atonement for the sins of the people. The Torah speaks of כלי חרש, "a vessel made of earthenware," because original man was made of "dust from the earth" (Genesis 2,7); the entire human race was perceived as a כלי חרש, subject to irrevocable fragmentation, because man had not yet been given the Torah. Torah is compared to running water from a well, i.e. מים חיים. When there is no Torah in Israel it is no better than a כלי חרש, subject to total annihilation. This is why one of the two "birds" had to be slaughtered, i.e. would die. The death of that bird at the hands of the Gentiles, i.e. the death of the Messiah from the tribe of Ephrayim would give G'd a legal excuse to don His garments of revenge and to reverse His customary practice of wearing His "suit of mercy" by donning His "suit of retribution." As a result, He would dispose of all the wicked nations. Having been told what would happen if Israel would not practice Torah you can extrapolate that if they would observe Torah none of the afflictions alluded to in our portion as a national disease would have to occur, and the righteous (the first Messiah) would not have to die. The Ari Zal wrote that whenever we pray our regular prayers we must include the request that the Mashiach ben Yoseph should not die. Every prayer adds to the merit of that Messiah so that the collective prayers of the Jewish people may be sufficient to cancel the decree that he would die at the hands of the Gentiles.
9וְאָמַר אֶת הַצִּפּוֹר הַחַיָּה שֶׁהוּא מָשִׁיחַ בֶּן דָּוִד, יִקַּח אוֹתָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וִיצָרֵף עִמּוֹ זְכוּת הָאָבוֹת, וִיצָרֵף נִקְמַת הַצַּדִּיק שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ ״יִקַּח אוֹתָהּ וְאֶת עֵץ וְגוֹ׳ וְטָבַל אוֹתָם בְּדַם הַצִּפּוֹר הַשְּׁחוּטָה״, וְיִתְגַּבְּרוּ הָרַחֲמִים מִזְּכוּת הָאָבוֹת וּמִמָּשִׁיחַ הַנֶּהֱרָג, וְיִתְכַּפְּרוּ כָּל הַדְרָגוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת וּמְנִיעוֹת דְּבֵקוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְהוּא מַה שֶׁרָמַז הַכָּתוּב כָּאן בְּאָמְרוֹ וְהִזָּה עַל הַמִּטַּהֵר, פֵּרוּשׁ, עִנְיַן כַּפָּרָה, כִּי לְמַעַן זְכוּת הָאָבוֹת וּלְמַעַן אֶשְׁכּוֹל הַנֶּהֱרָג הוּא כּוֹפֶר וִיכַפֵּר עַל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְאָמַר שִׁבְעָה כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעָה הַדְרָגוֹת הַטֻּמְאָה אֲשֶׁר יִטַּמְּאוּ בָּהֶם בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, כִּי הֵם שִׁבְעָה כַּיָּדוּעַ, וְהֵן הֵנָּה הָרְמוּזִים בְּטֻמְאַת מֵת וְטֻמְאַת נִדָּה דִּכְתִיב ״כְּטֻמְאַת הַנִּדָּה״ וְגוֹ׳. וּבָזֶה וְטִהֲרוֹ, וְאָז וְשִׁלַּח אֶת הַצִּפּוֹר הַחַיָּה, כְּאָמְרוֹ בְּסֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר בְּפָרָשַׁת בָּלָק וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ: וּמֵהַהִיא מְעַרְתָּא יִסְגֵּא חַד עוֹפָא רַבְרְבָא עִלָּאָה דְּיִשְׁלוֹט בְּכָל עָלְמָא וְלֵיהּ יִתְיְהִיב מַלְכוּתָא וְכוּ׳. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ עַל פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה שֶׁהוּא עוֹלָם הַזֶּה שֶׁתִּהְיֶה שׁוֹלֶטֶת בְּכָל הָעוֹלָם. וְאָז וְכִבֶּס הַמִּטַּהֵר שֶׁהֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת בְּגָדָיו הֵם בְּגָדִים הַצּוֹאִים שֶׁהָיוּ מְלֻבָּשִׁים בְּנִשְׁמָתוֹ, כְּדֶרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ (זכריה ג:ד) ״הָסִירוּ הַבְּגָדִים הַצּוֹאִים״. וְגִלַּח אֶת כָּל שְׂעָרוֹ שֶׁהֵם בְּחִינַת צִמְחֵי הַחֹמֶר הֶעָכוּר, וְרָחַץ בַּמַּיִם הוּא הַתּוֹרָה בָּהּ יְטַהֵר מַחְשְׁבוֹתָיו, וְאַחַר יָבֹא אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה זֶה מַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָה, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם הַיּוֹרֶדֶת בְּנוּיָה מִלְמַעְלָה.
The Torah goes on to speak about the צפור החיה, the surviving bird, i.e. the Mashiach ben David whom G'd will take and to whom He will attach the merits of the Patriarchs plus the right to avenge the murder of the Mashiach ben Yoseph; this is why the Torah writes: "He will take it together with the cedar-wood, etc., and dip it in the blood of the bird which has been slaughtered." This means that the combined power of the attribute of Mercy will outweigh the power of the attribute of Justice so that all the impurities of the Jewish people will be atoned for. When the Torah speaks here about the seven sprinklings to be performed on the מטהר, this is an allusion to the seven levels of impurity. Israel will be cleansed of one level of impurity by each of the seven sprinklings. Once this has been accomplished the "bird" will emerge from the cave mentioned in the Zohar, etc. The words על פני השדה, refer to this present world, and the message is that the Messiah will then rule over the whole world. After that, וכבס את המטהר, He will bathe Israel and its clothes, i.e. the sins which have formed its dirty garments and have stained its soul. The removal of the "dirty clothing" may be compared to the vision of the prophet Zecharyah 3 where the angel is described as removing the sin-stained clothing from the High Priest Yoshua in a similar simile describing the redemption from the exile in Babylon. וגלח את כל שערו, "and he will shave the hairs off his entire body;" these words are hyperbole for the removal of unworthy mental outgrowths. The words ורחץ במים are hyperbole for Israel immersing itself in Torah. This latter procedure will purify Israel's thought processes also. ואחר יבא אל המחנה, "After that he can enter the camp;" this is a reference to the camp of the שכינה, i.e. Jersualem on earth which will descend to earth having been built in Heaven.
10וְאָמַר וְיָשַׁב מִחוּץ לְאָהֳלוֹ, כִּי לֹא יִקְרְבוּ לְהִזְדַּוֵּג לַשְּׁכִינָה עַד שֶׁיֵּשְׁבוּ שִׁבְעָה נְקִיִּים לַחֲשַׁשׁ טֻמְאָה, וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יִהְיוּ רְאוּיִים לְקַבָּלַת הֶאָרַת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה. כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁאָמַר בִּיחֶזְקֵאל (יחזקאל מג:כו): ״שִׁבְעַת יָמִים יְכַפְּרוּ אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְטִהֲרוּ אוֹתוֹ״. נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שְׁתֵּי טְהָרוֹת: טַהֲרָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה הַרְחָקַת הַטֻּמְאָה, וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה הִיא הַקְרָבַת הַקְּדֻשָּׁה.
The Torah goes on to say: וישב מחוץ לאהלו, he will still have to sit outside his own residence seeing that he cannot unite with the שכינה until the seven days of purification have passed which are necessary in order that one receive an important guest with due honour. On the seventh day then the Israelites are ready to welcome the holy guest. You will find a similar concept alluded to in Ezekiel 43,26: "for seven days let them purify the altar, cleanse it, etc." You will note that Ezekiel speaks of two purifications. The first purification achieves the removal of negative influences, The second purification accomplishes the repentant sinner's approach to the sacred, to that which is holy.
י"ד:י׳ וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֗י יִקַּ֤ח שְׁנֵֽי־כְבָשִׂים֙ תְּמִימִ֔ים וְכַבְשָׂ֥ה אַחַ֛ת בַּת־שְׁנָתָ֖הּ תְּמִימָ֑ה וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה עֶשְׂרֹנִ֗ים סֹ֤לֶת מִנְחָה֙ בְּלוּלָ֣ה בַשֶּׁ֔מֶן וְלֹ֥ג אֶחָ֖ד שָֽׁמֶן׃
14:10 On the eighth day he shall take two male lambs without blemish, one ewe lamb in its first year without blemish, three-tenths of a measure of choice flour with oil mixed in for a meal offering, and one log of oil.
14:10 And on the eighth day he shall take two he-lambs without blemish, and one ewe-lamb of the first year without blemish, and three tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil.
י"ד:י׳ וּבְיוֹמָא תְמִינָאָה יִסַּב תְּרֵין אִמְּרִין שַׁלְמִין וְאִמַּרְתָּא חֲדָא בַּת שַׁתָּא שְׁלֶמְתָּא וּתְלָתָא עֶסְרוֹנִין סֻלְתָּא מִנְחָתָא דְּפִילָא בִמְשַׁח וְלֻגָּא חַד דְּמִשְׁחָא:
י"ד:י"א וְהֶעֱמִ֞יד הַכֹּהֵ֣ן הַֽמְטַהֵ֗ר אֵ֛ת הָאִ֥ישׁ הַמִּטַּהֵ֖ר וְאֹתָ֑ם לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה פֶּ֖תַח אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃
14:11 These shall be presented before the LORD, with the man to be cleansed, at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting, by the priest who performs the cleansing.
14:11 And the priest that cleanseth him shall set the man that is to be cleansed, and those things, before the LORD, at the door of the tent of meeting.
י"ד:י"א וִיקִים כַּהֲנָא דִמְדַּכֵּי יָת גַּבְרָא דְּמִדַּכֵּי וְיָתְהוֹן קֳדָם יְיָ בִּתְרַע מַשְׁכַּן זִמְנָא:
י"ד:י"א אור החיים
1וְהֶעֱמִיד הַכֹּהֵן. יִתְבָּאֵר עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ בִּתְחִלַּת מַסֶּכֶת כֵּלִים (פ״א מ״ח) שֶׁמְּחֻסַּר כִּפּוּרִים אָסוּר לִכָּנֵס לְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַד כָּאן. וְהִנֵּה כָּאן צִוָּה ה׳ שֶׁהַמִּטַּהֵר יַעֲמֹד בְּפֶתַח הָעֲזָרָה שֶׁהוּא שַׁעַר נִיקָנוֹר, כְּאָמְרָם בְּפֶרֶק קַמָּא דְּסוֹטָה (ז.) דִּכְתִיב ״לִפְנֵי ה׳״, וְאָמַר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁעַל הַכֹּהֵן שְׁמִירָתוֹ לְהַעֲמִידוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִפְרֹץ, לְצַד שֶׁהוּא בְּפֶתַח הָעֲזָרָה וּמַכְנִיס יָדוֹ לִפְנִים לִסְמֹךְ עַל קָרְבָּנוֹ, כְּאָמְרָם בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים, וּמַכְנִיס רֹאשׁוֹ לִתֵּן עַל תְּנוּךְ וְגוֹ׳, יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא יִמָּשֵׁךְ וְיִכָּנֵס לִפְנִים, לָזֶה הִטִּיל הַכָּתוּב הַדָּבָר עַל הַכֹּהֵן לְהַעֲמִידוֹ.
והעמיד הכהן המטהר, and the priest administering the purification rites will place, etc. this is best explained in light of a comment in Keylim 1,8 that someone whose atonement is not complete is not allowed to enter the courtyard of the Temple intended for the Israelite public. Here the Torah commands that the person undergoing the purification rites stand outside at the entrance to the Nikanor gate as stated in Sotah 7, based on the Torah writing the words לפני השם, "in the presence of the Lord." The Torah charges the administering priest with ensuring that the former "leper," the מטהר, not cross the threshold into the courtyard. He must not even stretch his hand inside and perform סמיכה on the sin-offering. According to Torat Kohanim the Torah permitted him only to place his head inside that area so that the priest could place the oil on his right earlobe and on his respective right thumbs. The principal reason the priest was charged with this task was to prevent the מטהר accidentally crossing the borderline with a substantial part of his body.
2הַכֹּהֵן הַמְטַהֵר. הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר הַכֹּהֵן הַמְטַהֵר וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק בְּאֶחָד מֵהֶם, אִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר הַכֹּהֵן וְלֹא הָיָה אוֹמֵר הַמְטַהֵר לֹא הָיִיתִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהַמִּצְוָה בַּכֹּהֵן הַמְטַהֵר שֶׁטִּהֲרוֹ מִן הַצָּרַעַת, לָזֶה אָמַר הַמְטַהֵר כִּי מִצְוָתוֹ בַּכֹּהֵן הַמְטַהֵר מִן הַצָּרַעַת. וְאִם הָיָה אוֹמֵר הַמְטַהֵר וְלֹא אָמַר הַכֹּהֵן, לְצַד שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּטַהֲרַת הַמְּצוֹרָע דְּבָרִים הַנַּעֲשִׂים עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, תָּבֹא הַסְּבָרָא לוֹמַר שֶׁגַּם הַזָּר יִקָּרֵא הַמְטַהֵר שֶׁהֲרֵי עוֹשֶׂה גַּם כֵּן טַהֲרוֹתָיו, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״הַכֹּהֵן״.
הכהן המטהר, the priest who performs the purification rites; the reason both these words are necessary is this. If the Torah had only written הכהן, I would not have known that this particular part of the commandment could not be performed by any priest but had to be performed by the priest who administered all the rites. If, on the other hand, the Torah had written only the word המטהר, I would not have been sure that this chore had to be supervised by a priest at all; there are, after all, functions in the total purification procedure which may be performed by a non-priest. Hence the Torah had to write הכהן המטהר.
3הָאִישׁ הַמִּטַּהֵר וְגוֹ׳. הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר הָאִישׁ הַמִּטַּהֵר וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לוֹמַר הָאִישׁ לְבַד, לְצַד שֶׁלֹּא תִטְעֶה לוֹמַר שֶׁבָּא לְמַעֵט הַקָּטָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ בִּכְלַל דִּינִים אֵלּוּ, הֲגַם שֶׁיֶּשְׁנוֹ בְּטֻמְאַת צָרַעַת. לָזֶה אָמַר ״הַמִּטַּהֵר״, וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לוֹמַר ״הַמִּטַּהֵר״ וְלֹא יֹאמַר ״הָאִישׁ״, מִשּׁוּם לְצַד שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמִשְׁפָּט זֶה גַּם הַקְּטַנִּים כַּנִּזְכָּר, תָּבֹא הַסְּבָרָא לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא צִוָּה ה׳ לַכֹּהֵן לְהַעֲמִיד הַמְּצֹרָע לִפְנֵי ה׳ שֶׁהוּא חוּץ לְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, אֶלָּא מִי שֶׁהוּא קָטָן שֶׁמִּן הַסְּתָם אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאֵין לִכָּנֵס לְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל קֹדֶם הַקְרָבַת טַהֲרָתוֹ, אֲבָל גָּדוֹל נֹאמַר אֵין חוֹבָה עַל הַכֹּהֵן לְהַעֲמִידוֹ לְצַד שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ הוּא. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״וְהֶעֱמִיד הָאִישׁ״, הֲגַם שֶׁהוּא אִישׁ, עַל הַכֹּהֵן הַמִּצְוָה לְהַעֲמִידוֹ חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה.
האיש המטהר ואותם, the man who must be purified and these things; the Torah had to write both the word האיש and the word המטהר, so that we would not conclude that the word האיש excludes a minor as not being included in this part of the legislation although he is liable to be afflicted by צרעת and such affliction makes him ritually impure. Hence the Torah had to add the word המטהר. On the other hand, this word would not have sufficed without the additional word האיש as I might have reasoned that the need for the priest to supervise where the former "leper" had to stand applied only to a minor who had been afflicted and who might not take care where he stood. I would have assumed that an adult could be trusted to watch where he stands at the entrance to the courtyard. The Torah indicates that we do not trust an adult without supervision either. This is why the additional word איש is in place.
4וּבְתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים דָּרְשׁוּ טַעַם אָמְרוֹ ״הָאִישׁ״ מִלָּה יְתֵרָה לְמַעֵט חַטָּאת וְעוֹלָה מִתְּנוּפָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אָמַר הַכָּתוּב מִעוּט אַחֵר דִּכְתִיב ״אוֹתוֹ לָאָשָׁם״ לְמַעֵט גַּם אֶת הָאִישׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָעוּן תְּנוּפָה אֶלָּא אָשָׁם וְלוֹג הַשֶּׁמֶן לְבַד. וְאִם תֹּאמַר אִם הָאִישׁ הוּא מְמֻעָט מִתְּנוּפָה מֵאָמְרוֹ ״אוֹתוֹ לָאָשָׁם וְהֵנִיף״ וְלֹא הָאִישׁ, אֵיךְ יָבֹא לְמַעֵט אֲחֵרִים בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ? זֶה אֵינוֹ קֻשְׁיָא, כִּי יָבֹא הַמִּעוּט בָּהֶם בְּאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק הַתַּנָּא בַּבָּרַיְתָא (תורת כהנים כאן) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ: תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״הָאִישׁ״ – לֹא חַטָּאת וְלֹא עוֹלָה, וְלֹא אָמַר זִכְרוֹן הַתְּנוּפָה, נִתְכַּוֵּן בָּזֶה לוֹמַר שֶׁתֵּבַת ״הָאִישׁ״ בָּאָה לְמַעֵט חַטָּאת וְעוֹלָה מִדִּין אֶחָד, וַהֲגַם שֶׁאֵין הַדָּבָר שֶׁנִּתְמַעֵט מִמֶּנּוּ בָּאִישׁ, הַדָּבָר מָסוּר לַחֲכָמִים לֵידַע מַהוּ. וּבָזֶה תַּשְׂכִּיל מַשְׁמָעוּת בָּרַיְתָא זוֹ בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים שֶׁהִיא קָשָׁה הַהֲבָנָה. וְדִבְרֵי בַּעַל קָרְבַּן אַהֲרֹן דְּחוּקִים בְּעֵינַי.
Torat Kohanim explains the reason that the Torah added the word האיש as excluding the sin-offering and the burnt-offering from the need to undergo the תנופה, the waving, which the Torah demands for the guilt-offering in verse 12. The Torah then writes another exclusion by means of the word אותו in verse 12 excluding also the man himself, meaning that only the guilt-offering and the log of oil need to be waved. Should you ask that if the word אותו excludes the איש המטהר from the need to undergo the "waving," how could it serve to exclude others from a procedure which does not even apply to itself? This is no problem. We can always use the exclusion by falling back on the exegetical tool אם אינו ענין, that if a word is superfluous in one situation, it may be applied to another situation where it is felt to be appropriate. This is the reason the author of Torat Kohanim chose his words very carefully in this instance. We quote: "The Torah wrote האיש, לא חטאת ולא עולה. You note that the word תנופה is not even mentioned here." Torat Kohanim meant to say therefore that the word האיש excludes חטאת ועולה by using the same reason although the הלכה whose application is being excluded did not apply to the איש in the first place. Our sages were authorised to know where to apply this exclusion seeing the word is evidently unnecessary in its own context. This makes the language of Torat Kohinim on our verse easily intelligible. The alternative explanation given by Korban Aharon seems very forced to me.
י"ד:י"ב וְלָקַ֨ח הַכֹּהֵ֜ן אֶת־הַכֶּ֣בֶשׂ הָאֶחָ֗ד וְהִקְרִ֥יב אֹת֛וֹ לְאָשָׁ֖ם וְאֶת־לֹ֣ג הַשָּׁ֑מֶן וְהֵנִ֥יף אֹתָ֛ם תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
14:12 The priest shall take one of the male lambs and offer it with the log of oil as a guilt offering, and he shall elevate them as an elevation offering before the LORD.
14:12 And the priest shall take one of the he-lambs, and offer him for a guilt-offering, and the log of oil, and wave them for a wave-offering before the LORD.
י"ד:י"ב וְיִסַּב כַּהֲנָא יָת אִמְּרָא חֲדָא וִיקָרֵב יָתֵיהּ לַאֲשָׁמָא וְיָת לֻגָּא דְמִשְׁחָא וִירִים יָתְהוֹן אֲרָמָא קֳדָם יְיָ:

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