Parasha: Vayera · Aliyah: Fourth (Netzach)

Genesis 19:21–21:4
י"ט:כ"א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔יו הִנֵּה֙ נָשָׂ֣אתִי פָנֶ֔יךָ גַּ֖ם לַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה לְבִלְתִּ֛י הָפְכִּ֥י אֶת־הָעִ֖יר אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּֽרְתָּ׃
19:21 He replied, “Very well, I will grant you this favor too, and I will not annihilate the town of which you have spoken.
19:21 And he said unto him: ‘See, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow the city of which thou hast spoken.
י"ט:כ"א וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ הָא נְסֵיבִית אַפָּךְ אַף לְפִתְגָּמָא הָדֵין בְּדִיל דְּלָא לְמֵהְפַּךְ יָת קַרְתָּא דִּבְעֵיתָא עֲלַהּ:
י"ט:כ"ב מַהֵר֙ הִמָּלֵ֣ט שָׁ֔מָּה כִּ֣י לֹ֤א אוּכַל֙ לַעֲשׂ֣וֹת דָּבָ֔ר עַד־בֹּאֲךָ֖ שָׁ֑מָּה עַל־כֵּ֛ן קָרָ֥א שֵׁם־הָעִ֖יר צֽוֹעַר׃
19:22 Hurry, flee there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” Hence the town came to be called Zoar.aConnected with miṣ‘ar “a little place,” v. 20.
19:22 Hasten thou, escape thither; for I cannot do any thing till thou be come thither.’—Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.—
י"ט:כ"ב אוֹחִי לְאִשְׁתֵּזֵב תַּמָּן אֲרֵי לָא אִכּוּל לְמֶעְבַּד פִּתְגָּמָא עַד מֵיתָךְ לְתַמָּן עַל כֵּן קְרָא שְׁמָא דְקַרְתָּא צוֹעַר:
י"ט:כ"ג הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ יָצָ֣א עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ וְל֖וֹט בָּ֥א צֹֽעֲרָה׃
19:23 As the sun rose upon the earth and Lot entered Zoar,
19:23 The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came unto Zoar.
י"ט:כ"ג שִׁמְשָׁא נְפַק עַל אַרְעָא וְלוֹט עַל לְצוֹעַר:
י"ט:כ"ד וַֽיהוָ֗ה הִמְטִ֧יר עַל־סְדֹ֛ם וְעַל־עֲמֹרָ֖ה גָּפְרִ֣ית וָאֵ֑שׁ מֵאֵ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה מִן־הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃
19:24 the LORD rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah sulfurous fire from the LORD out of heaven.
19:24 Then the LORD caused to rain upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven;
י"ט:כ"ד וַייָ אַמְטַר עַל סְדוֹם וְעַל עֲמוֹרָה גָּפְרֵיתָא וְאֶשָּׁתָא מִן קֳדָם יְיָ מִן שְׁמַיָּא:
וה' המטיר. כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַה' – הוּא וּבֵית דִּינוֹ:
י"ט:כ"ה וַֽיַּהֲפֹךְ֙ אֶת־הֶעָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔ל וְאֵ֖ת כָּל־הַכִּכָּ֑ר וְאֵת֙ כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הֶעָרִ֔ים וְצֶ֖מַח הָאֲדָמָֽה׃
19:25 He annihilated those cities and the entire Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities and the vegetation of the ground.
19:25 and He overthrow those cities, and all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground.
י"ט:כ"ה וַהֲפַךְ יָת קִרְוַיָּא הָאִלֵּין וְיָת כָּל מֵישְׁרָא וְיָת כָּל יָתְבֵי קִרְוַיָּא וְצִמְחָא דְּאַרְעָא:
י"ט:כ"ו וַתַּבֵּ֥ט אִשְׁתּ֖וֹ מֵאַחֲרָ֑יו וַתְּהִ֖י נְצִ֥יב מֶֽלַח׃
19:26 Lot’sbLit. “His.” wife looked back,cLit. “behind him.” and she thereupon turned into a pillar of salt.
19:26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
י"ט:כ"ו וְאִסְתְּכִיאַת אִתְּתֵיהּ מִבַּתְרוֹהִי וַהֲוַת קָמָא דְמִלְחָא:
י"ט:כ"ז וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֥ם אַבְרָהָ֖ם בַּבֹּ֑קֶר אֶל־הַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־עָ֥מַד שָׁ֖ם אֶת־פְּנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
19:27 Next morning, Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before the LORD,
19:27 And Abraham got up early in the morning to the place where he had stood before the LORD.
י"ט:כ"ז וְאַקְדֵּים אַבְרָהָם בְּצַפְרָא לְאַתְרָא דִּשַׁמֵּשׁ תַּמָּן בִּצְלוֹ קֳדָם יְיָ:
י"ט:כ"ח וַיַּשְׁקֵ֗ף עַל־פְּנֵ֤י סְדֹם֙ וַעֲמֹרָ֔ה וְעַֽל־כָּל־פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַכִּכָּ֑ר וַיַּ֗רְא וְהִנֵּ֤ה עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ כְּקִיטֹ֖ר הַכִּבְשָֽׁן׃
19:28 and, looking down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and all the land of the Plain, he saw the smoke of the land rising like the smoke of a kiln.
19:28 And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the Plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace.
י"ט:כ"ח וְאִסְתְּכִי עַל אַפֵּי סְדוֹם וַעֲמוֹרָה וְעַל כָּל אַפֵּי אַרְעָא דְמֵישְׁרָא וַחֲזָא וְהָא סְלִיק תְּנָנָא דְאַרְעָא כִּתְנָנָא דְאַתּוּנָא:
קיטור. תִּמּוּר שֶׁל עָשָׁן, טורק"א בלע"ז:
י"ט:כ"ט וַיְהִ֗י בְּשַׁחֵ֤ת אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־עָרֵ֣י הַכִּכָּ֔ר וַיִּזְכֹּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֑ם וַיְשַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־לוֹט֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַהֲפֵכָ֔ה בַּהֲפֹךְ֙ אֶת־הֶ֣עָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר־יָשַׁ֥ב בָּהֵ֖ן לֽוֹט׃
19:29 Thus it was that, when God destroyed the cities of the Plain and annihilated the cities where Lot dwelt, God was mindful of Abraham and removed Lot from the midst of the upheaval.
19:29 And it came to pass, when God destroyed the cities of the Plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when He overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelt.
י"ט:כ"ט וַהֲוָה בְּחַבָּלוּת (נ"י כַּד חֲבַל) יְיָ יָת קִרְוֵי מֵישְׁרָא וּדְכִיר יְיָ יָת אַבְרָהָם וְשַׁלַּח יָת לוֹט מִגּוֹ הֲפֶכְתָּא כַּד הֲפַךְ יָת קִרְוַיָּא דִּי הֲוָה יָתֵב בְּהֵן לוֹט:
ויזכור אלהים את אברהם. מַהוּ זְכִירָתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם עַל לוֹט? נִזְכַּר שֶׁהָיָה לוֹט יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁשָּׂרָה אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם וְשָׁמַע שֶׁאָמַר אַבְרָהָם בְּמִצְרַיִם עַל שָׂרָה אֲחוֹתִי הִיא, וְלֹא גִלָּה הַדָּבָר, שֶׁהָיָה חָס עָלָיו, לְפִיכָךְ חָס הַקָּבָּ"ה עָלָיו (בראשית רבה):
י"ט:ל׳ וַיַּעַל֩ ל֨וֹט מִצּ֜וֹעַר וַיֵּ֣שֶׁב בָּהָ֗ר וּשְׁתֵּ֤י בְנֹתָיו֙ עִמּ֔וֹ כִּ֥י יָרֵ֖א לָשֶׁ֣בֶת בְּצ֑וֹעַר וַיֵּ֙שֶׁב֙ בַּמְּעָרָ֔ה ה֖וּא וּשְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֹתָֽיו׃
19:30 Lot went up from Zoar and settled in the hill country with his two daughters, for he was afraid to dwell in Zoar; and he and his two daughters lived in a cave.
19:30 And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, and his two daughters with him; for he feared to dwell in Zoar; and he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters.
י"ט:ל׳ וּסְלֵק לוֹט מִצּוֹעַר וִיתֵב בְּטוּרָא וְתַרְתֵּין בְּנָתֵיהּ עִמֵּיהּ אֲרֵי דָחִיל לְמִתַּב בְּצוֹעַר וִיתֵב בִּמְעַרְתָּא הוּא וְתַרְתֵּין בְּנָתֵיהּ:
י"ט:ל"א וַתֹּ֧אמֶר הַבְּכִירָ֛ה אֶל־הַצְּעִירָ֖ה אָבִ֣ינוּ זָקֵ֑ן וְאִ֨ישׁ אֵ֤ין בָּאָ֙רֶץ֙ לָב֣וֹא עָלֵ֔ינוּ כְּדֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
19:31 And the older one said to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is not a man on earth to consort with us in the way of all the world.
19:31 And the first-born said unto the younger: ‘Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the manner of all the earth.
י"ט:ל"א וַאֲמֶרֶת רַבְּתָא לִזְעֶרְתָּא אֲבוּנָא סִיב וּגְבַר לֵית בְּאַרְעָא לְמֵיעַל עֲלָנָא כְּאוֹרַח כָּל אַרְעָא:
י"ט:ל"ב לְכָ֨ה נַשְׁקֶ֧ה אֶת־אָבִ֛ינוּ יַ֖יִן וְנִשְׁכְּבָ֣ה עִמּ֑וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃
19:32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and let us lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father.”
19:32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.’
י"ט:ל"ב אִיתָא נַשְׁקֵי יָת אֲבוּנָא חַמְרָא וְנִשְׁכּוּב עִמֵּיהּ וּנְקַיֵּם מֵאֲבוּנָא בְּנִין:
י"ט:ל"ג וַתַּשְׁקֶ֧יןָ אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֛ן יַ֖יִן בַּלַּ֣יְלָה ה֑וּא וַתָּבֹ֤א הַבְּכִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב אֶת־אָבִ֔יהָ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקׄוּמָֽהּ׃
19:33 That night they made their father drink wine, and the older one went in and lay with her father; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose.
19:33 And they made their father drink wine that night. And the first-born went in, and lay with her father; and he knew not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
י"ט:ל"ג וְאַשְׁקִיאָה יָת אֲבוּהֵן חַמְרָא בְּלֵילְיָא הוּא וְעַלַּת רַבְּתָא וּשְׁכִיבָא עִם אֲבוּהָא וְלָא יְדַע בְּמִשְׁכְּבַהּ וּבְקִימַהּ:
י"ט:ל"ד וַֽיְהִי֙ מִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת וַתֹּ֤אמֶר הַבְּכִירָה֙ אֶל־הַצְּעִירָ֔ה הֵן־שָׁכַ֥בְתִּי אֶ֖מֶשׁ אֶת־אָבִ֑י נַשְׁקֶ֨נּוּ יַ֜יִן גַּם־הַלַּ֗יְלָה וּבֹ֙אִי֙ שִׁכְבִ֣י עִמּ֔וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃
19:34 The next day the older one said to the younger, “See, I lay with Father last night; let us make him drink wine tonight also, and you go and lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father.”
19:34 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the first-born said unto the younger: ‘Behold, I lay yesternight with my father. Let us make him drink wine this night also; and go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.’
י"ט:ל"ד וַהֲוָה בְּיוֹמָא דְבַתְרוֹהִי וַאֲמֶרֶת רַבְּתָא לִזְעֶרְתָּא הָא שְׁכֵיבִית רַמְשָׁא עִם אַבָּא נַשְׁקִנֵּהּ חַמְרָא אַף בְּלֵילְיָא וְעוּלִי שְׁכִיבִי עִמֵּיהּ וּנְקַיֵּם מֵאֲבוּנָא בְּנִין:
י"ט:ל"ה וַתַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּלַּ֧יְלָה הַה֛וּא אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן וַתָּ֤קָם הַצְּעִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔וֹ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקֻמָֽהּ׃
19:35 That night also they made their father drink wine, and the younger one went and lay with him; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose.
19:35 And they made their father drink wine that night also. And the younger arose, and lay with him; and he knew not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
י"ט:ל"ה וְאַשְׁקִיאָה אַף בְּלֵילְיָא הַהוּא יָת אֲבוּהֵן חַמְרָא וְקָמַת זְעֶרְתָּא וּשְׁכִיבַת עִמֵּיהּ וְלָא יְדַע בְּמִשְׁכְּבַהּ וּבְקִימַהּ:
י"ט:ל"ו וַֽתַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט מֵאֲבִיהֶֽן׃
19:36 Thus the two daughters of Lot came to be with child by their father.
19:36 Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father.
י"ט:ל"ו וְעַדִּיאַן תַּרְתֵּין בְּנַת לוֹט מֵאֲבוּהֵן:
י"ט:ל"ז וַתֵּ֤לֶד הַבְּכִירָה֙ בֵּ֔ן וַתִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ מוֹאָ֑ב ה֥וּא אֲבִֽי־מוֹאָ֖ב עַד־הַיּֽוֹם׃
19:37 The older one bore a son and named him Moab;dAs though me-’ab “from (my) father.” he is the father of the Moabites of today.
19:37 And the first-born bore a son, and called his name Moab—the same is the father of the Moabites unto this day.
י"ט:ל"ז וִילִידַת רַבְּתָא בַּר וּקְרַת שְׁמֵיהּ מוֹאָב הוּא אֲבוּהוֹן דְּמוֹאָבָא עַד יוֹמָא דֵין:
י"ט:ל"ח וְהַצְּעִירָ֤ה גַם־הִוא֙ יָ֣לְדָה בֵּ֔ן וַתִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ בֶּן־עַמִּ֑י ה֛וּא אֲבִ֥י בְנֵֽי־עַמּ֖וֹן עַד־הַיּֽוֹם׃ (ס)
19:38 And the younger also bore a son, and she called him Ben-ammi;eAs though “son of my (paternal) kindred.” he is the father of the Ammonites of today.
19:38 And the younger, she also bore a son, and called his name Ben-ammi—the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this day.
י"ט:ל"ח וּזְעֶרְתָּא אַף הִיא יְלִידַת בַּר וּקְרַת שְׁמֵיהּ בַּר עַמִּי הוּא אֲבוּהוֹן דִּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן עַד יוֹמָא דֵין:
כ׳:א׳ וַיִּסַּ֨ע מִשָּׁ֤ם אַבְרָהָם֙ אַ֣רְצָה הַנֶּ֔גֶב וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב בֵּין־קָדֵ֖שׁ וּבֵ֣ין שׁ֑וּר וַיָּ֖גָר בִּגְרָֽר׃
20:1 Abraham journeyed from there to the region of the Negeb and settled between Kadesh and Shur. While he was sojourning in Gerar,
20:1 And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the land of the South, and dwelt between Kadesh and Shur; and he sojourned in Gerar.
כ׳:א׳ וּנְטַל מִתַּמָּן אַבְרָהָם לְאַרְעָא דָרוֹמָא וִיתֵב בֵּין רְקָם וּבֵין חַגְרָא וְאִתּוֹתַב בִּגְרָר:
כ׳:ב׳ וַיֹּ֧אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶל־שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּ֖וֹ אֲחֹ֣תִי הִ֑וא וַיִּשְׁלַ֗ח אֲבִימֶ֙לֶךְ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גְּרָ֔ר וַיִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־שָׂרָֽה׃
20:2 Abraham said of Sarah his wife, “She is my sister.” So King Abimelech of Gerar had Sarah brought to him.
20:2 And Abraham said of Sarah his wife: ‘She is my sister.’ And Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah.
כ׳:ב׳ וַאֲמַר אַבְרָהָם עַל שָׂרָה אִתְּתֵיהּ אֲחָתִי הִיא וּשְׁלַח אֲבִימֶלֶךְ מַלְכָּא דִגְרָר וּדְבַר יָת שָׂרָה:
כ׳:ב׳ אור החיים
1וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם אֶל שָׂרָה. כָּאן לֹא צִוָּה לָהּ שֶׁתַּקְדִּים לוֹמַר הִיא, כְּמַעֲשֵׂהוּ בְּרִדְתּוֹ לְמִצְרַיִם, כִּי שָׁם מְקוֹם הַכִּעוּר וְהִיא פֶּלֶא בֵּינֵיהֶם בְּיָפְיָהּ, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן בִּגְרָר. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ אֲבִימֶלֶךְ ״מָה רָאִיתָ כִּי עָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה״, מַה שֶׁלֹּא שְׁאָלוֹ בְּסֵדֶר זֶה פַּרְעֹה, כִּי מְקוֹמוֹ שֶׁל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לֹא הָיוּ כְּעוּרִים וְיֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶם יֹפִי וְלֹא תִּתְפָּלֵא שָׂרָה בְּיָפְיָהּ כָּל כָּךְ, וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁהִסְכִּים עָלָיו שֶׁיָּגוּר בִּמְגוּרָתוֹ, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן פַּרְעֹה.
ויאמר אבוהם אל שרה. Abraham said about Sarah, etc. This time Abraham did not ask Sarah to be the first to announce that she was Abraham's sister as he had done when they travelled to Egypt. Then he had been motivated by the ugliness of the Egyptians and the contrast with Sarah's white skin which aroused the lust of the Egyptians. The people in Geror did not look different from Abraham and Sarah. Also, their general sexual mores were superior to that of the Egyptians. Avimelech himself felt justified in challenging Abraham's deception if it were based on such suspicions. Pharaoh had not dared to ask such a question. This is also the reason that Avimelech agreed that Abraham reside in his country, something the King of Egypt could not afford to do.
כ׳:ג׳ וַיָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל־אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ בַּחֲל֣וֹם הַלָּ֑יְלָה וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗וֹ הִנְּךָ֥ מֵת֙ עַל־הָאִשָּׁ֣ה אֲשֶׁר־לָקַ֔חְתָּ וְהִ֖וא בְּעֻ֥לַת בָּֽעַל׃
20:3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream by night and said to him, “You are to die because of the woman that you have taken, for she is a married woman.”
20:3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and said to him: ‘Behold, thou shalt die, because of the woman whom thou hast taken; for she is a man’s wife.’
כ׳:ג׳ וַאֲתָא מֵימַר מִן קֳדָם יְיָ לְוַת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ בְּחֶלְמָא דְלֵילְיָא וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ הָא אַתְּ מִית עַל עֵיסַק אִתְּתָא דִדְבַרְתָּא וְהִיא אִתַּת גְּבָר:
כ׳:ג׳ אור החיים
1הִנְּךָ מֵת עַל וְגוֹ׳. פֵּירוּשׁ: חַיָּב אַתָּה מִיתָה אֲשֶׁר לָקַחְתָּ וְהִיא וְכוּ׳, פֵּירוּשׁ אַחַר שֶׁאֲנִי מוֹדִיעֲךָ שֶׁהִיא בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הוֹדִיעוֹ, הֲגַם שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה, לֹא יִתְחַיֵּב מִיתָה, כִּי בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ בְּשׁוֹגֵג בְּחָשְׁבוֹ כִּי הִיא פְּנוּיָה פָּטוּר, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב רַמְבַּ״ם בְּפֶרֶק י׳ מֵהִלְכוֹת מְלָכִים.
הנך מת על האשה אשר לקחת. "Here you are going to die on account of the woman you have taken." The meaning is "after I reveal to you that she is married you will be guilty of death." Had G'd not informed Avimelech of Sarah's true status as a married woman, he would not have been guilty of death even if he had slept with her. Any Gentile who sleeps with a woman whom he has reason to believe to be single is innocent of adultery. Maimonides explains this in Hilchot Melachim 9,5.
2עוֹד יִסְבֹּל הַכָּתוּב עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: הִנְּךָ מֵת וְגוֹ׳ אֲשֶׁר לָקַחְתָּ וְהִיא בְּעֻלַת בָּעַל – פֵּרוּשׁ, הֲגַם שֶׁיָּדַעְתָּ שֶׁהִיא בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל, וּכְפִי זֶה יִתְחַיֵּב כְּפִי הַדִּין. אֶלָּא שֶׁאַחַר הָאֱמֶת מֵהָאָמוּר בָּעִנְיָן נִרְאֶה כִּי לֹא יָדַע שֶׁהִיא בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל.
The verse may also be understood as telling Avimelech that he was guilty of death having taken Sarah while aware that she was married. However, it is more likely that at the time Avimelech had not known this.
כ׳:ד׳ וַאֲבִימֶ֕לֶךְ לֹ֥א קָרַ֖ב אֵלֶ֑יהָ וַיֹּאמַ֕ר אֲדֹנָ֕י הֲג֥וֹי גַּם־צַדִּ֖יק תַּהֲרֹֽג׃
20:4 Now Abimelech had not approached her. He said, “O Lord, will You slay people even though innocent?
20:4 Now Abimelech had not come near her; and he said: ‘Lord, wilt Thou slay even a righteous nation?
כ׳:ד׳ וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ לָא קְרֵב לְוָתַהּ וַאֲמַר יְיָ הֲעָם אַף זַכַּאי תִּקְטוֹל:
כ׳:ד׳ אור החיים
1וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ לֹא קָרַב אֵלֶיהָ וְגוֹ׳. יִתְבָּאֵר עַל דֶּרֶךְ מַה שֶׁכָּתַב רַמְבָּ״ם בְּפֶרֶק ט׳ מֵהִלְכוֹת מְלָכִים: בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ פָּטוּר, וְעַל אֵשֶׁת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ חַיָּב. לָזֶה נִתְחַכֵּם מֵחֲשָׁשׁ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה דִּין שָׂרָה דִּין אֵשֶׁת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְלֹא קָרַב כָּל עִקָּר.
ואבימלך לא קרב אליה. Avimelech had not been intimate with her. According to Maimonides Hilchot Melachim 9,7 a Gentile who engages in sexual inercourse with someone else's wife is only guilty of death if the act was performed in the normative manner. If such a Gentile indulges in intercourse with a Jewish woman however, he is guilty of death regardless of the manner in which the sexual act is performed. The Torah indicates that Avimelech was aware of this distinction and that he refrained from touching Sarah because he was afraid she might be married to Abraham the Jew.
2הֲגוֹי גַּם צַדִּיק וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת כַּוָּנַת אָמְרוֹ הֲגוֹי, עוֹד אָמְרוֹ גַּם צַדִּיק, עוֹד אָמְרוֹ תַּהֲרֹג, וְלֹא כֵן מַשְׁמַע מִדִּבְרֵי ה׳, שֶׁאִם יָשִׁיב הָאִשָּׁה וְלֹא יִקְרַב עָלֶיהָ אֵינוֹ בֶּן מָוֶת.
הגוי גם צדיק תהרוג "Are You killing nations even when they are righteous?" Why did Avimelech use the word גוי when he spoke about himself? Why did he say גם צדיק, "also the righteous?" The term תהרוג seems inappropriate seeing G'd gave him the option to return Sarah to Abraham untouched.
3אָכֵן יִתְבָּאֵר עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות סד.) בְּפָסוּק (מלכים א כב:יז) ״יָשׁוּבוּ אִישׁ לְבֵיתוֹ בְּשָׁלוֹם״, שֶׁאָמַר ״בְּשָׁלוֹם״ כְּאָמְרוֹ עַל הַמֵּת, וַהֲגַם שֶׁלֹּא מֵת אָדָם זוּלַת אַחְאָב מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַר לְשׁוֹן מִיתָה עַל כָּל הָעָם, הָרְאֵתָ לָדַעַת כִּי צָרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ הִיא צָרַת כָּל הָעָם, וּמִן הָרָאוּי לְצַדֵּד שֶׁלֹּא תָּבֹא רָעָה עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ הֲגַם שֶׁיִּתְחַיֵּב עַל מַעֲשֵׂהוּ לְצַד הַגָּעַת הָרַע לִכְלָלוּת הָעָם. וְהוּא מַה שֶׁמַּתְמִיהַּ בְּאָמְרוֹ ״הֲגוֹי״, פֵּרוּשׁ יִחֵס עַצְמוֹ לְגוֹי לַטַּעַם הַנִּזְכָּר, ״גַּם צַדִּיק״, שֶׁבְּעֵרֶךְ הֱיוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק אֲפִלּוּ פְּרָט אֶחָד לֹא יְעַוֵּת הָאֵל מִשְׁפָּט לַהֲרֹג צַדִּיק אֶחָד. וְטַעַם אָמְרוֹ כֵּן, לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁהֵבִין בְּדִבְרֵי ה׳ כִּי נֶחְלְטָה הַגְּזֵרָה עָלָיו לָמוּת כְּאָמְרוֹ ״הִנְּךָ מֵת״ בְּהֶחְלֵט ״עַל הָאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר לָקַחְתָּ״, פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁכְּבָר לָקַחְתָּ, עַל הַלְּקִיחָה לְבַד. וְטָעַן הֲלֹא הוּא צַדִּיק כִּי אֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִיתָה עַל הַלְּקִיחָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא קָרַב אֵלֶיהָ וַאֲפִלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכָּהּ כְּמִשְׁפַּט עֲרָיוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲרֵי הוּא צַדִּיק וְצַדִּיק בְּדִינוֹ. וְהוֹסִיף עוֹד לוֹמַר שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁהָיָה בָּא עָלֶיהָ הוּא פָּטוּר, שֶׁהֲרֵי בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ שׁוֹגֵג פָּטוּר, וְהוּא שׁוֹגֵג הוּא כְּאָמְרוֹ ״הֲלֹא הוּא אָמַר לִי אֲחֹתִי הִיא״.
The matter will become clear in conjunction with Berachot 64 on Kings I 22,17: "they will each return to his house in peace." The prophet Michayu uses the word בשלום instead of לשלום. The former is used when one speaks of the dead. Even though only king Achav died in that battle, the euphemism for death is applied to the entire nation. This teaches that when the king is in distress the whole nation is considered as being in distress. Here too Avimelech's statement reflects the same sentiment. His own problem becomes a national problem. By the same token Avimelech felt that if he personally was righteous this reflected on his entire people; it follows that if G'd were to kill him for a crime he had not committed, G'd would, in effect, kill a whole nation that was innocent. Moreover, he was afraid that G'd would kill him for having taken Sarah even without having slept with her. He added that even if he had slept with her while unaware that she was married, he would not have to face the death penalty, seeing Abraham himself had described her as "my sister."
4אוֹ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהֵבִין בְּמַאֲמַר ה׳ כִּי הוּא יָדַע שֶׁהִיא בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל, וְאָמַר כִּי לֹא כֵן הוּא, ״הֲלֹא הוּא אָמַר לִי״ וְגוֹ׳:
Alternatively, Avimelech thought that G'd had accused him of taking Sarah knowing she was married. He denied this vehemently.
כ׳:ה׳ הֲלֹ֨א ה֤וּא אָֽמַר־לִי֙ אֲחֹ֣תִי הִ֔וא וְהִֽיא־גַם־הִ֥וא אָֽמְרָ֖ה אָחִ֣י ה֑וּא בְּתָם־לְבָבִ֛י וּבְנִקְיֹ֥ן כַּפַּ֖י עָשִׂ֥יתִי זֹֽאת׃
20:5 He himself said to me, ‘She is my sister’! And she also said, ‘He is my brother.’ When I did this, my heart was blameless and my hands were clean.”
20:5 Said he not himself unto me: She is my sister? and she, even she herself said: He is my brother. In the simplicity of my heart and the innocency of my hands have I done this.’
כ׳:ה׳ הֲלָא הוּא אֲמַר לִי אֲחָתִי הִיא וְהִיא אַף הִיא אֲמָרַת אָחִי הוּא בְּקַשִּׁיטוּת לִבִּי וּבְזַכָּאוּת יְדַי עֲבָדִית דָּא:
ובנקיון כפי. נָקִי אֲנִי מִן הַחֵטְא, שֶׁלֹּא נָגַעְתִּי בָהּ:
כ׳:ה׳ אור החיים
1וְאָמְרוֹ בְּתָם לְבָבִי וְגוֹ׳. נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהָשִׁיב לַחֲשָׁשַׁת שֶׁהִיא אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ וּבַעְלָהּ הוּא אָדָם אַחֵר, וּמַה הִרְוִיחַ בְּאָמְרוֹ אַבְרָהָם עָלֶיהָ ״אֲחוֹתִי הִיא״? לָזֶה אָמַר בְּתָם לְבָבִי וְגוֹ׳, חָשַׁבְתִּי שֶׁפְּנוּיָה הִיא וְאֵין לִי מִשְׁפַּט מָוֶת. וְאָמְרוֹ וּבְנִקְיוֹן כַּפַּי נִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁלוֹל מִשְׁפַּט מָוֶת מִדִּין גָּזֵל, דְּאָמְרִינַן בְּסַנְהֶדְרִין (סנהדרין נז.) וּפְסָקָהּ רַמְבַּ״ם בְּפֶרֶק ט׳ וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ: בֶּן נֹחַ חַיָּב עַל הַגָּזֵל וְכוּ׳ וְאֶחָד הַגּוֹזֵל וְכוּ׳ אוֹ גּוֹנֵב נֶפֶשׁ, עַד כָּאן. וְלָאו דַּוְקָא גּוֹנֵב וְהוּא הַדִּין גּוֹזֵל, דְּבִיפַת תּוֹאַר נֶאֱמַר דִּין גּוֹנֵב נֶפֶשׁ בַּבְּרַיְתָא (שָׁם), וִיפַת תּוֹאַר גְּזוּלָה הִיא לֹא גְּנוּבָה, וְלִרְבוּתָא כָּתַב רַמְבַּ״ם גּוֹנֵב, וְכֵן כָּתַב הַכֶּסֶף מִשְׁנֶה. וְאִם כֵּן מֵעֵת שֶׁלְּקָחָהּ אֲבִימֶלֶךְ נִתְחַיֵּב מִיתָה, לָזֶה אָמַר וּבְנִקְיוֹן כַּפַּי כִּי בִּרְצוֹנָם חָשַׁבְתִּי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַדָּבָר וּלְמַעֲלָה תֵּחָשֵׁב לְאָחִיהָ שֶׁנְּשָׂאָהּ מֶלֶךְ.
בתם לבבי ובנקיון כפי "I acted with innocence and integrity." Avimelech said these words in the event Sarah was married, but not to Abraham. He claimed that if that were so what would Abraham have gained by declaring that she was his sister? This exonerated him from the death penalty, i.e. בתם לבבי. When he added בנקיון כפי, he pleaded that he was not guilty of the death penalty for robbery either, though we have a ruling both in Sanhedrin 57 and in Maimonides (the chapter quoted above) that a Gentile who commits robbery is guilty of the death penalty. It does not matter that the robbery is an act of kidnapping as distinct from stealing. The Talmud deduces this when it discusses the status of a prisoner of war who is considered as the victim of robbery or stealing. Accordingly, from the moment Avimelech took Sarah against her will he became guilty of the death penalty. Avimelech claimed that he thought both Abraham and Sarah were pleased at his taking Sarah for a wife. After all, he was the king and it meant social climbing for them both.
כ׳:ו׳ וַיֹּאמֶר֩ אֵלָ֨יו הָֽאֱלֹהִ֜ים בַּחֲלֹ֗ם גַּ֣ם אָנֹכִ֤י יָדַ֙עְתִּי֙ כִּ֤י בְתָם־לְבָבְךָ֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּ֔את וָאֶחְשֹׂ֧ךְ גַּם־אָנֹכִ֛י אֽוֹתְךָ֖ מֵחֲטוֹ־לִ֑י עַל־כֵּ֥ן לֹא־נְתַתִּ֖יךָ לִנְגֹּ֥עַ אֵלֶֽיהָ׃
20:6 And God said to him in the dream, “I knew that you did this with a blameless heart, and so I kept you from sinning against Me. That was why I did not let you touch her.
20:6 And God said unto him in the dream: ‘Yea, I know that in the simplicity of thy heart thou hast done this, and I also withheld thee from sinning against Me. Therefore suffered I thee not to touch her.
כ׳:ו׳ וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ מֵימַר מִן קֳדָם יְיָ בְּחֶלְמָא אַף קֳדָמַי גְּלֵי אֲרֵי בְּקַשִּׁיטוּת לִבָּךְ עָבָדְתָּ דָּא וּמְנָעִית אַף אֲנָא יָתָךְ מִלְּמֶחְטֵי קֳדָמָי עַל כֵּן לָא שְׁבַקְתָּךְ לְמִקְרַב לְוָתַהּ:
כ׳:ו׳ אור החיים
1וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו הָאֱלֹהִים וְגוֹ׳. הִסְכִּים לוֹ עַל דְּבָרָיו כִּי לֹא נִתְחַיֵּב מִיתָה עַל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה כִּי בְּתֹם לְבָבוֹ, אַךְ עַל נִקְיוֹן כַּפַּיִם לֹא הִסְכִּים. וְאוּלַי שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁהוּא לֹא גָּזַל, עִם כָּל זֶה אַלָּמוּת הַמַּלְכוּת הָיָה בָּאֶמְצָעוּת, וַהֲגַם שֶׁאֵינָהּ גְּזֵלָה שֶׁיִּתְחַיֵּב עָלֶיהָ, עִם כָּל זֶה נִקְיוֹן כַּפַּיִם אֵינוֹ. אוֹ לְצַד שֶׁבְּדִבְרֵי ה׳ לֹא הָיָה מָקוֹם לִטְעוֹת בּוֹ, אֶלָּא אֲבִימֶלֶךְ הָיָה מְצַדֵּד כָּל צִדְדֵי הַסְּפֵקוֹת, לָזֶה לֹא הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר לוֹ ״וּבְנִקְיוֹן״ וְגוֹ׳.
ויאמר אליו האלוקים. G'd said to him (Avimelech). He agreed that Avimelech had not yet become guilty of death considering he had been convinced that Sarah was not married. As to his integrity, however, this was another matter. Whereas he might not have literally "robbed" Sarah [i.e. she did not belong to Abraham. Ed.], nonetheless he had employed the authority of being the king which is a kind of violence. At the very least "his hands were not clean in the matter."
2וְאָמְרוֹ וָאֶחְשֹׂךְ וְגוֹ׳. נִתְכַּוֵּן לְפָרֵשׁ לוֹ כַּוָּנָתוֹ, כִּי מַה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ ״הִנְּךָ מֵת״ וְגוֹ׳ לֹא עַל מַה שֶׁעָבַר, אֶלָּא אִם לֹא יַחְזִיר וְיִקְרַב אֵלֶיהָ יָמוּת, וְלָזֶה הִתְרָה בּוֹ קוֹדֶם וְחָשַׂךְ אוֹתוֹ בְּמַה שֶׁהוֹדִיעוֹ כִּי הִיא בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל.
ואחשוך גם אנכי אותך, "I too saved you from sinning." G'd made it plain that when He said that Avimelech was going to die, He meant that if he did not restore Sarah to Abraham but would sleep with her. He had told him of Sarah's status now and thus given him a chance to save himself from sinning.
3מֵחֲטוֹא לִי. וּפֵרוּשׁ לִי שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁאִם לֹא הָיָה מוֹדִיעוֹ וְהָיָה נִכְשָׁל לֹא הָיָה הַחֵטְא מְחַיְּבוֹ מִיתָה לַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן לְגַבֵּי הָאֱלֹהִים יֵשׁ לוֹ דְּבַר הַקְפָּדָה, בֵּין לְסִבַּת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁיִּשְׁכַּב אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ וְהִיא זִמָּה, וְעוֹד לְצַד שָׂרָה וְאַבְרָהָם שֶׁגְּנַאי הוּא לָהֶם וְהֵם יְדִידֵי עֶלְיוֹן, לָזֶה דִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר תֵּבַת לִי.
מחטוא לי, from committing a sin against Me. Although Avimelech would not have been guilty of death had he slept with Sarah before becoming aware of her status as a married woman, nonetheless he would have sinned against G'd inasmuch as G'd was especially fond of both Abraham and Sarah and any offence against them would have been an offence against G'd Himself. This is why G'd added the word לי, "against Me."
4וְאָמְרוֹ עַל כֵּן וְגוֹ׳, פֵּרוּשׁ: לְצַד הֱיוֹת הַדְּבָרִים בְּסֵדֶר זֶה הוּא שֶׁבָּאתִי לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ לִמְנוֹעַ עַצְמְךָ מִמֶּנָּה, אֲבָל זוּלַת זֶה פֵּרֵשׁ שֶׁאִם הָיִיתָ יוֹדְעָהּ בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל וְלָקַחְתָּ אוֹתָהּ הָיִיתִי הוֹרֶגְךָ, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דָּן עַל מַחְשֶׁבֶת גּוֹיִם הָרָעָה וּמְצָרְפָהּ לְמַעֲשֶׂה. וּלְדִבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית רבה נב:יג) שֶׁאָמְרוּ מַלְאָךְ דְּחָפוֹ מֵעָלֶיהָ, יְדֻיַּק הַכָּתוּב עַל נָכוֹן אָמְרוֹ לֹא נְתַתִּיךָ לִנְגֹּעַ אֵלֶיהָ.
על כן לא נתתיך, "this is why I did not give you a chance, etc." Because of the special circumstances involved, I prevented you from sleeping with her; had you known she was married you would by now have been guilty of death. G'd judges the Gentiles even for a sin that has been planned but not yet carried out merely due to circumstances beyond the control of the sinner. According to Bereshit Rabbah 52,13 that an angel pushed Avimelech away when he tried to sleep with Sarah, the words: "I did not allow you to sin against me" make perfect sense.
כ׳:ז׳ וְעַתָּ֗ה הָשֵׁ֤ב אֵֽשֶׁת־הָאִישׁ֙ כִּֽי־נָבִ֣יא ה֔וּא וְיִתְפַּלֵּ֥ל בַּֽעַדְךָ֖ וֶֽחְיֵ֑ה וְאִם־אֵֽינְךָ֣ מֵשִׁ֗יב דַּ֚ע כִּי־מ֣וֹת תָּמ֔וּת אַתָּ֖ה וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר־לָֽךְ׃
20:7 Therefore, restore the man’s wife—since he is a prophet, he will intercede for you—to save your life. If you fail to restore her, know that you shall die, you and all that are yours.”
20:7 Now therefore restore the man’s wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live; and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine.’
כ׳:ז׳ וּכְעַן אֲתֵיב אִתַּת גַּבְרָא אֲרֵי נְבִיָּא הוּא וִיצַלֵּי עֲלָךְ וּתְחֵי וְאִם לֵיתָךְ מְתִיב דַּע אֲרֵי מֵימַת תְּמוּת אַתְּ וְכָל דִּי לָךְ:
כ׳:ז׳ אור החיים
1וְעַתָּה הָשֵׁב אֵשֶׁת וְגוֹ׳. אָמְרוֹ כִּי נָבִיא הוּא פֵּרוּשׁ כִּי נָבִיא הוּא הָאִישׁ שֶׁזּוֹ אִשְׁתּוֹ, כִּי עֲדַיִן לֹא יָדַע בְּפֵרוּשׁ שֶׁאֵשֶׁת אַבְרָהָם הָיְתָה, כִּי בְּדִבְרֵיהֶם לֹא הֻזְכַּר הַבַּעַל וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ לְמַעְלָה, וּבְאָמְרוֹ ״נָבִיא הוּא״ יָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא אַבְרָהָם, כִּי אֵין נָבִיא זוּלָתוֹ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם.
ועתה השב אשת האיש בי נביא הוא. "Now restore the wife to the man for he is a prophet!" Until now Avimelech did not know who Sarah was married to. By mentioning that her husband was a prophet it became clear to Avimelech that it must be Abraham seeing he was the only prophet in that age.
2עוֹד יִרְצֶה כִּי נָבִיא הוּא וְיָדַע שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁנִּסְתְּרָה הִיא, לֹא נִטְמְאָה.
Another reason that G'd mentioned that Abraham was a prophet was to reassure Avimelech that Sarah's husband would know he had not defiled her because he had prophetic powers.
3עוֹד יִרְצֶה עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: כִּי נָבִיא הוּא וּבָזֶה יִתְפַּלֵּל בַּעַדְךָ וְתוֹעִיל תְּפִלָּתוֹ, וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ וֶחְיֵה.
כ׳:ח׳ וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ בַּבֹּ֗קֶר וַיִּקְרָא֙ לְכָל־עֲבָדָ֔יו וַיְדַבֵּ֛ר אֶת־כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה בְּאָזְנֵיהֶ֑ם וַיִּֽירְא֥וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְאֹֽד׃
20:8 Early next morning, Abimelech called his servants and told them all that had happened; and the men were greatly frightened.
20:8 And Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his servants, and told all these things in their ears; and the men were sore afraid.
כ׳:ח׳ וְאַקְדֵּים אֲבִימֶלֶךְ בְּצַפְרָא וּקְרָא לְכָל עַבְדּוֹהִי וּמַלִּיל יָת כָּל פִּתְגָּמַיָּא הָאִלֵּין קֳדָמֵיהוֹן וּדְחִילוּ גוּבְרַיָּא לַחֲדָא:
כ׳:ט׳ וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ לְאַבְרָהָ֗ם וַיֹּ֨אמֶר ל֜וֹ מֶֽה־עָשִׂ֤יתָ לָּ֙נוּ֙ וּמֶֽה־חָטָ֣אתִי לָ֔ךְ כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֧אתָ עָלַ֛י וְעַל־מַמְלַכְתִּ֖י חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה מַעֲשִׂים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־יֵֽעָשׂ֔וּ עָשִׂ֖יתָ עִמָּדִֽי׃
20:9 Then Abimelech summoned Abraham and said to him, “What have you done to us? What wrong have I done that you should bring so great a guilt upon me and my kingdom? You have done to me things that ought not to be done.
20:9 Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said unto him: ‘What hast thou done unto us? and wherein have I sinned against thee, that thou hast brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin? thou hast done deeds unto me that ought not to be done.’
כ׳:ט׳ וּקְרָא אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לְאַבְרָהָם וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ מַה עָבַדְתָּ לָנָא וּמַה חָבִית (נ"י חָטֵית) לָךְ אֲרֵי אַיְתֵיתָא עֲלַי וְעַל מַלְכוּתִי חוֹבָא רַבָּא עוֹבָדִין דִּי לָא כָשְׁרִין לְאִתְעֲבָדָא עֲבַדְתָּ עִמִּי:
כ׳:ט׳ אור החיים
1וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ מֶה עָשִׂיתָ וְגוֹ׳. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת כַּוָּנַת אָמְרוֹ מֶה עָשִׂיתָ, וְאִם רוֹצֶה לוֹמַר מָה הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הָרַע שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לָנוּ הָיָה לוֹ לְהַקְדִּים ״מֶה חָטָאתִי לָךְ״. אוּלַי שֶׁרָמַז בְּאָמְרוֹ ״מֶה עָשִׂיתָ לָּנוּ״ קוֹדֶם ״מֶה חָטָאתִי לָךְ״ לִרְמוֹז לוֹ מָה טוֹבָה עָשִׂיתָ לָנוּ וּגְמַלְתִּיךָ רָעָה שֶׁבְּעַד זֶה הֵבֵאתָ וְגוֹ׳, וְהַכַּוָּנָה לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁאֵין אָדָם מִתְחַיֵּב רַע בָּעוֹלָם כִּמְשַׁלֵּם רָעָה תַּחַת טוֹבָה, לָזֶה רָמַז לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יַסְפִּיק עֲשׂוֹתָם לוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם רָעָה לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם מַה שֶׁעָשָׂה שֶׁרָצָה לְאַבְּדָם מִן הָעוֹלָם, וְאֵין מְצִיאוּת רַע בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה זֶה תַּשְׁלוּמוֹ, כְּאָמְרוֹ ״מַעֲשִׂים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יֵעָשׂוּ״ וְגוֹ׳ זוּלַת אִם קָדַם לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם טוֹבָה וְהֵם גְּמָלוּהוּ רָעָה, וְכָל הַכָּתוּב הוּא דִּבְרֵי תוֹכֵחָה עַל מַה שֶׁעָשָׂה.
ויאמר לו מה עשית? He said to him: "What did you do to me?" What did Avimelech mean by the word: עשית? What did Abraham do? If Avimelech referred to the evil deed, i.e. the lie, he should have prefaced his remarks by referring to the sin! Perhaps the very absence of the initial מה חטאתי לך at the beginning of his complaint is the key here. It means that the words מה עשית לנו mean: "what did you do ever do for us, and how did we repay you with ingratitude that you saw fit to treat us with such suspicions!" Avimelech hinted that there is no greater evil one can do to someone than to repay kindness with evil. Abraham's conduct had almost resulted in Avimelech's death! The entire verse is to be viewed as a rebuke.
כ׳:י׳ וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם מָ֣ה רָאִ֔יתָ כִּ֥י עָשִׂ֖יתָ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּֽה׃
20:10 What, then,” Abimelech demanded of Abraham, “was your purpose in doing this thing?”
20:10 And Abimelech said unto Abraham: ‘What sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing?’
כ׳:י׳ וַאֲמַר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לְאַבְרָהָם מָה חָזֵיתָ אֲרֵי עֲבַדְתָּ יָת פִּתְגָּמָא הָדֵין:
כ׳:י׳ אור החיים
1וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ. לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁפָּסוּק רִאשׁוֹן הוּא תּוֹכָחָה וְקָבְלָנוּת, וְדִבּוּר זֶה הוּא שְׁאֵלָה לָדַעַת טַעְמוֹ, כִּי וַדַּאי לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהָרַע אֶלָּא טַעְמוֹ כָּמוּס עִמּוֹ, לָזֶה יִחֵד אֲמִירָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ שֶׁשְּׁאָלוֹ ״מָה רָאִיתָ״ וְגוֹ׳:
ויאמר אבימלך. Avimelech said. Seeing that the previous verse had been a rebuke only, he now switched to a question. This is why the sentence had to begin once more with the words: "Avimelech said," though Abraham had not yet responded to the accusation. Avimelech now conceded that he did not consider Abraham capable of wanting to harm him intentionally.
כ׳:י"א וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם כִּ֣י אָמַ֗רְתִּי רַ֚ק אֵין־יִרְאַ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֔ים בַּמָּק֖וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה וַהֲרָג֖וּנִי עַל־דְּבַ֥ר אִשְׁתִּֽי׃
20:11 “I thought,” said Abraham, “surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.
20:11 And Abraham said: ‘Because I thought: Surely the fear of God is not in this place; and they will slay me for my wife’s sake.
כ׳:י"א וַאֲמַר אַבְרָהָם אֲרֵי אֲמָרִית לְחוֹד לֵית דַּחַלְתָּא דַיְיָ בְּאַתְרָא הָדֵין וְיִקְטְלֻנַּנִי עַל עֵיסַק אִתְּתִי:
כ׳:י"א אור החיים
1כִּי אָמַרְתִּי וְגוֹ׳. זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה לְאָמְרוֹ ״מָה רָאִיתָ״, וְאוֹמֵר רַק וְגוֹ׳ לְצַד שֶׁאָמַר אֵלָיו אֲבִימֶלֶךְ: וְאִם חָשַׁשְׁתָּ לָהֶם שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים, אִם כֵּן לֹא תָחוּשׁ שֶׁיַּהַרְגוּ אוֹתְךָ וְיִקְחוּ אֶת אִשְׁתְּךָ מִמְּךָ וְלֹא יָחוּשׁוּ לְאִסּוּר אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ? לָזֶה אָמַר ״רַק״ – מִעוּט, לוֹמַר שֶׁחוֹשְׁשִׁים הֵם לְיִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים לְהָקֵל חוֹמֶר הַדָּבָר עַל יְדֵי שֶׁיַּהַרְגוּנִי. פֵּרוּשׁ, כִּי אִם לֹא יַהַרְגוּהוּ עַל כָּל בִּיאָה וּבִיאָה יִתְחַיְּבוּ מִיתָה וְיֵשׁ עֹנֶשׁ מְרֻבֶּה, וְגַם יָמוּתוּ כָּל הַבָּא עָלֶיהָ. לָזֶה יִתְחַכְּמוּ לַהֲרֹג אֶת אַבְרָהָם וְאֵין כָּאן אֶלָּא עֹנֶשׁ עָוֹן אֶחָד וְאָדָם אֶחָד. וּמַה גַּם אִם יַהַרְגוּהוּ הַרְבֵּה בְּנֵי אָדָם כְּאֶחָד יֵשׁ בָּזֶה צַד פְּטוֹר. וְלָזֶה חָשׁ וְאָמַר ״אֲחוֹתִי״. וּבָזֶה הֵשִׁיב עַל שֶׁלֹּא הוֹדִיעוֹ שֶׁהִיא אִשְׁתּוֹ.
בי אמרתי…אין יראת אלוקים במקום הזה. "For I said (to myself) that there is no fear of the Lord in this place." This is the answer to the question: "what did you see?" Abraham prefaced his answer with the word רק, "only." He wanted to forestall Avimelech saying to him that if he, Abraham, considered the men as lacking in basic fear of the Lord, why did he worry more about their murdering him and then taking his wife? He should have worried more about the latter! Abraham said: רק, i.e. "I reasoned that they would try and minimise their culpability. As long as I would be alive every man sleeping with my wife would commit a capital offence every time, and would accordingly face many punishments. If they killed me first, they would only be guilty of murder once, whereas they would not become culpable for sleeping with my widow. If a number of them would conspire to kill me, each one causing a single injury not in itself fatal, they would claim that they were not even guilty of murder." Abraham said that this was why he decided to describe Sarah as his sister.
כ׳:י"ב וְגַם־אָמְנָ֗ה אֲחֹתִ֤י בַת־אָבִי֙ הִ֔וא אַ֖ךְ לֹ֣א בַת־אִמִּ֑י וַתְּהִי־לִ֖י לְאִשָּֽׁה׃
20:12 And besides, she is in truth my sister, my father’s daughter though not my mother’s; and she became my wife.
20:12 And moreover she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and so she became my wife.
כ׳:י"ב וּבְרַם בְּקוּשְׁטָא אֲחָתִי בַּת אַבָּא הִיא בְּרַם לָא בַת אִמִּי וַהֲוַת לִי לְאִנְתּוּ:
כ׳:י"ב אור החיים
1וְגַם אָמְנָה אֲחֹתִי וְגוֹ׳. כָּאן חִיֵּב אַבְרָהָם לַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּמִלֵּט עַצְמוֹ גַּם מֵהַתַּרְעוֹמֶת שֶׁנִּתְרַעֵם וְקָבַל עָלָיו ״מֶה עָשִׂיתָ לָּנוּ״ וְגוֹ׳, וְאָמַר וְגַם אָמְנָה אֲחֹתִי וְגוֹ׳, וְכִי אָמַרְתִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ אִשְׁתִּי לְהִתְרַעֵם עָלַי שֶׁהִתְעֵיתִי יִרְאֵי אֱלֹהִים? אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי אֲחוֹתִי, וִיכוֹלָה לִהְיוֹת אֲחוֹתִי וְאִשְׁתִּי, וַעֲלֵיכֶם לִשְׁאוֹל אִם הִיא אִשְׁתִּי הֲגַם שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי אֲחוֹתִי, שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֲנִי לִקְרֹא לָהּ אֲחוֹתִי וְאֵין בָּזֶה הֶחְלֵט שֶׁאֵינָהּ אִשְׁתִּי לְמִי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה יָרֵא וְחָרֵד מֵחֲטֹא לֵאלֹהִים. וְאוּלַי לְצַד טַעֲנָה זוֹ הִרְגִּישׁ אֲבִימֶלֶךְ כִּי הָאֱמֶת עִם אַבְרָהָם וַיִּתֵּן לוֹ מַתָּנוֹת טוֹבוֹת. גַּם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְבַל יַחְשְׁדוּהוּ בְּמוֹצִיא שֶׁקֶר מִפִּיו, וְהַצַּדִּיקִים חוֹשְׁשִׁין לַכִּעוּר וְלַדּוֹמֶה לוֹ.
וגם אמנה אחותי היא, "Moreover, she is in fact my sister." Here Abraham accuses Avimelech by exonerating himself also from the accusation of having lied. He implied that he never said that Sarah was not his wife! He had not deliberately misled G'd-fearing people. He had said that Sarah was his sister which did not preclude her from also being his wife. It was up to the Philistines to ascertain that she was not his wife if they were really G'd-fearing people. Perhaps Avimelech gave Abraham generous gifts because he accepted Abraham's rebuke. He may have wanted to demonstrate to one and all that Abraham had not lied. Righteous people are wont to worry that one should not even think they had done something improper.
כ׳:י"ג וַיְהִ֞י כַּאֲשֶׁ֧ר הִתְע֣וּ אֹתִ֗י אֱלֹהִים֮ מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִי֒ וָאֹמַ֣ר לָ֔הּ זֶ֣ה חַסְדֵּ֔ךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשִׂ֖י עִמָּדִ֑י אֶ֤ל כָּל־הַמָּקוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָב֣וֹא שָׁ֔מָּה אִמְרִי־לִ֖י אָחִ֥י הֽוּא׃
20:13 So when God made me wander from my father’s house, I said to her, ‘Let this be the kindness that you shall do me: whatever place we come to, say there of me: He is my brother.’”
20:13 And it came to pass, when God caused me to wander from my father’s house, that I said unto her: This is thy kindness which thou shalt show unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me: He is my brother.’
כ׳:י"ג וַהֲוָה כַּד טָעוּ עַמְמַיָּא בָּתַר עוֹבָדֵי יְדֵיהוֹן יָתִי קָרִיב יְיָ לְדַחַלְתֵּיהּ מִבֵּית אַבָּא וַאֲמָרִית לַהּ דֵּין (נ"י דָּא) טֵיבוּתִיךְ דִּי תַעְבְּדִי עִמִּי לְכָל אַתְרָא דִּנְהַךְ לְתַמָּן אֱמָרִי עֲלַי אָחִי הוּא:
כ׳:י"ג אור החיים
1וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר וְגוֹ׳. כָּאן בָּא לָתֵת טַעַם לִדְבָרוֹ הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁאָמַר ״אֵין יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים״, כִּי יֹאמַר אֵלָיו אֲבִימֶלֶךְ: מָה רָאִיתָ בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁחָשַׁדְתָּ אוֹתָם שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים? לָזֶה אָמַר כִּי תַּקָּנָה זוֹ שֶׁתִּקֵּן לוֹמַר ״אֲחוֹתִי״ – לֹא לְסִבַּת הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא לְבַד, אֶלָּא בְּדֶרֶךְ כְּלָל תִּקֵּן זֶה לַחֲשַׁשׁ מָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים, וְסָפֵק זֶה לֹא יָצְתָה מִמֶּנּוּ גְּרָר, שֶׁהֲגַם שֶׁאֵין לָהּ חֶזְקַת ״אֵין יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים״, יוֹדֶה שֶׁאֵין לְאַבְרָהָם בָּהּ חֲזָקָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים. וּמֵעַתָּה נִסְתַּתְּמוּ טַעֲנוֹת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ.
ויהי כאשר התעו אותי אלוקים, "Ever since G'd caused me to wander, etc." Now Abraham explained the background to his behaviour from the start. It had been based on the premise that there was lack of fear of the Lord in the place. He explained that his conduct was not directed specifically against the people of Geror. He had made it a general rule in his wanderings to suspect people of lack of fear of the Lord. The Philistines had not done anything to cause him to exempt them from such a doubt.
כ׳:י"ד וַיִּקַּ֨ח אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ צֹ֣אן וּבָקָ֗ר וַעֲבָדִים֙ וּשְׁפָחֹ֔ת וַיִּתֵּ֖ן לְאַבְרָהָ֑ם וַיָּ֣שֶׁב ל֔וֹ אֵ֖ת שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּֽוֹ׃
20:14 Abimelech took sheep and oxen, and male and female slaves, and gave them to Abraham; and he restored his wife Sarah to him.
20:14 And Abimelech took sheep and oxen, and men-servants and women-servants, and gave them unto Abraham, and restored him Sarah his wife.
כ׳:י"ד וּדְבַר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ עָאן וְתוֹרִין וְעַבְדִין וְאַמְהָן וִיהַב לְאַבְרָהָם וַאֲתֵיב לֵיהּ יָת שָׂרָה אִתְּתֵיהּ:
כ׳:ט"ו וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ הִנֵּ֥ה אַרְצִ֖י לְפָנֶ֑יךָ בַּטּ֥וֹב בְּעֵינֶ֖יךָ שֵֽׁב׃
20:15 And Abimelech said, “Here, my land is before you; settle wherever you please.”
20:15 And Abimelech said: ‘Behold, my land is before thee: dwell where it pleaseth thee.’
כ׳:ט"ו וַאֲמַר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ הָא אַרְעִי קֳדָמָךְ בִּדְתַקִּין בְּעֵינָיךְ תִּיב:
כ׳:ט"ז וּלְשָׂרָ֣ה אָמַ֗ר הִנֵּ֨ה נָתַ֜תִּי אֶ֤לֶף כֶּ֙סֶף֙ לְאָחִ֔יךְ הִנֵּ֤ה הוּא־לָךְ֙ כְּס֣וּת עֵינַ֔יִם לְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתָּ֑ךְ וְאֵ֥ת כֹּ֖ל וְנֹכָֽחַת׃
20:16 And to Sarah he said, “I herewith give your brother a thousand pieces of silver; this will serve you as vindicationaLit. “a covering of the eyes”; meaning of latter half of verse uncertain. before all who are with you, and you are cleared before everyone.”
20:16 And unto Sarah he said: ‘Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of silver; behold, it is for thee a covering of the eyes to all that are with thee; and before all men thou art righted.’
כ׳:ט"ז וּלְשָׂרָה אֲמַר הָא יְהָבִית אֶלֶף סַלְעִין דִּכְסַף לְאָחִיךְ הָא הוּא לִיךְ כְּסוּת דִּיקָר (עַיְנִין) חֳלַף דִּשְׁלָחִית דְּבַרְתִּיךְ וַחֲזֵית יָתִיךְ וְיָת כָּל דְּעִמָּךְ וְעַל כָּל מַה דַּאֲמָרַת אִתּוֹכָחַת:
כ׳:י"ז וַיִּתְפַּלֵּ֥ל אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַיִּרְפָּ֨א אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־אֲבִימֶ֧לֶךְ וְאֶת־אִשְׁתּ֛וֹ וְאַמְהֹתָ֖יו וַיֵּלֵֽדוּ׃
20:17 Abraham then prayed to God, and God healed Abimelech and his wife and his slave girls, so that they bore children;
20:17 And Abraham prayed unto God; and God healed Abimelech, and his wife, and his maid-servants; and they bore children.
כ׳:י"ז וְצַלִּי אַבְרָהָם קֳדָם יְיָ וְאַסִּי יְיָ יָת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וְיָת אִתְּתֵיהּ וְאַמְהָתֵיהּ וְאִתְרְוָחוּ:
כ׳:י"ח כִּֽי־עָצֹ֤ר עָצַר֙ יְהוָ֔ה בְּעַ֥ד כָּל־רֶ֖חֶם לְבֵ֣ית אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ עַל־דְּבַ֥ר שָׂרָ֖ה אֵ֥שֶׁת אַבְרָהָֽם׃ (ס)
20:18 for the LORD had closed fast every womb of the household of Abimelech because of Sarah, the wife of Abraham.
20:18 For the LORD had fast closed up all the wombs of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah Abraham’s wife.
כ׳:י"ח אֲרֵי מֵיחַד אֲחַד יְיָ בְּאַפֵּי כָל פָּתַח וַלְדָא לְבֵית אֲבִימֶלֶךְ עַל עֵיסַק שָׂרָה אִתַּת אַבְרָהָם:
כ׳:י"ח אור החיים
1כִּי עָצֹר וְגוֹ׳ עַל דְּבַר וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ מֵאֲבִימֶלֶךְ נִתְעַבְּרָה שָׂרָה, הֲרֵי שֶׁעָקָר הָיָה בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם. וְגַם לְגַלּוֹת כִּי תּוֹעִיל תְּפִלַּת אַבְרָהָם לִפְקֹד עֲקָרוֹת, וְהוֹעִילָה גַּם עַל עַצְמוֹ וְנִפְקַד. גַּם לְהוֹדִיעַ, כָּל הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל עַל חֲבֵרוֹ וְהוּא צָרִיךְ וְכוּ׳ הוּא נַעֲנֶה וְכוּ׳, וְלָזֶה סָמַךְ לְפָסוּק זֶה פָּסוּק ״וַה׳ פָּקַד אֶת שָׂרָה״. וַהֲגַם שֶׁכְּבָר קָדְמָה הַהַבְטָחָה, אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן הַסְּמִיכוּת לְגוּפוֹ תְּנֵהוּ לְעִנְיָן לְזוּלַת, וְעַיֵּן בְּפֵרוּשׁ פָּסוּק שֶׁאַחַר זֶה:
כי עצור עצר ה׳ בעד כל רחם. For G'd had blocked all body orifices. This was so that people should not be able to say that Sarah had become pregnant by Avimelech. Avimelech was impotent during that period. The Torah also wanted to demonstrate that Abraham's prayer was effective to make the formerly barren fertile again. We also learn from this that if someone prays for someone else to be healed in an area that he himself needs healing, his own needs will be attended to by G'd first. This is why the next verse tells us about Sarah having become pregnant. While it is true that G'd had already promised this previously, if a certain sequence in scripture is not applicable to the subject under immediate discussion, it may be applied to another subject as will be discussed shortly.
כ"א:א׳ וַֽיהוָ֛ה פָּקַ֥ד אֶת־שָׂרָ֖ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמָ֑ר וַיַּ֧עַשׂ יְהוָ֛ה לְשָׂרָ֖ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר׃
21:1 The LORD took note of Sarah as He had promised, and the LORD did for Sarah as He had spoken.
21:1 And the LORD remembered Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did unto Sarah as He had spoken.
כ"א:א׳ וַייָ דְּכִיר יָת שָׂרָה כְּמָא דִּי אֲמָר וַעֲבַד יְיָ לְשָׁרָה כְּמָא דִּי מַלִּיל:
וה' פקד את שרה וגו'. סָמַך פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְבַקֵּשׁ רַחֲמִים עַל חֲבֵרוֹ וְהוּא צָרִיךְ לְאוֹתוֹ דָבָר, הוּא נַעֲנֶה תְחִלָּה (בבא קמא צ"ב), שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל וְגוֹ', וּסְמִיךְ לֵיהּ וה' פָּקַד אֶת שָׂרָה, שֶׁפְּקָדָהּ כְּבָר קֹדֶם שֶׁרִפֵּא אֶת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ:
כ"א:א׳ אור החיים
1וַה׳ פָּקַד וְגוֹ׳ כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמָר. פֵּרוּשׁ: לֹא לְצַד שֶׁהִתְפַּלֵּל עַל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּמִטַּעַם כָּל הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל עַל חֲבֵרוֹ וְכוּ׳, וְזוּלַת זֶה לֹא הָיָה נִפְקָד, וְזֶה יְמַעֵט חָס וְשָׁלוֹם הַהַבְטָחָה שֶׁאֲמוּרָה בִּתְחִלַּת הַפָּרָשָׁה, אֶלָּא כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמָר.
וה׳ פקד את שרה כאשר אמר. G'd remembered Sarah as He had said. The Torah tells us that this would have occurred even if Abraham had not prayed on behalf of Avimelech as we stated already. We should not think that G'd needed a prayer to prompt Him to keep His promise.
2עוֹד לְעוֹלָם, כִּי תְּפִלָּתוֹ עַל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ הוּא דָּבָר הַמַּעֲמִיד לִפְקִידַת שָׂרָה, וְהַבְטָחָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ הָיְתָה שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ בֵּן, וְהִזְמִין לוֹ הַשֵּׁם מִצְוָה שֶׁסְּגֻלָּתָהּ שֶׁיִּפָּקֵד, וּבָזֶה נִתְקַיְּמָה הַבְטָחָתוֹ. וְהוּא אָמְרוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמָר, פֵּרוּשׁ: וּלְצַד הָאֲמִירָה שֶׁאָמַר הַשֵּׁם הוּא שֶׁנִּזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ הַדָּבָר וְנִפְקְדָה, כִּי כְּשֶׁיִּרְצֶה הַשֵּׁם לְהֵיטִיב יַזְמִין הַמִּצְוָה שֶׁסְּגֻלָּתָהּ הִיא הַטּוֹבָה הַמְבֻקֶּשֶׁת. וְתִמְצָא שֶׁקּוֹדֶם הַבְטָחַת הַפְּקִידָה כְּבָר נִזְדַּמֵּן לְאַבְרָהָם מַעֲשֵׂה פַּרְעֹה שֶׁהוּא בְּדוֹמֶה לְמַעֲשֵׂה אֲבִימֶלֶךְ, וְלֹא עֲצָרוֹ הַשֵּׁם לְפַרְעֹה כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל עָלָיו אַבְרָהָם, וְזֶה לְךָ הָאוֹת לְמַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ.
There was, however, a connection between Abraham's prayer on behalf of Avimelech and G'd "remembering" His promise to give Sarah a son. G'd provided Abraham with an opportunity to perform a מצוה which in turn would trigger His removing Sarah's sterility. This is the deeper meaning of the additional words כאשר אמר. Whenever G'd wants to do someone a favour, He provides him with an opportunity to perform a good deed in response to which G'd can translate His intention into practice. The reason that G'd did not make Pharaoh and his household sterile at the time Sarah was kidnapped by Pharaoh was so that Abraham could pray for them because there had not yet been a promise to Sarah whose fulfilment could have been triggered by Abraham's prayer.
3וַיַּעַשׂ ה׳ וְגוֹ׳ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר. טַעַם שֶׁכָּפַל לוֹמַר ״וַיַּעַשׂ״ וְגוֹ׳, יְכַוֵּן לְפִי דִּבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (תנחומא) בְּפָסוּק ״כָּעֵת חַיָּה״, שֶׁשָּׂרַט לָהּ הַמַּלְאָךְ שְׂרִיטָה בַּכּוֹתֶל כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לְמָקוֹם זֶה וּלְשָׂרָה בֵּן, וְהוּא שֶׁהוֹדִיעַ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁנִּתְקַיֵּם מַאֲמַר הַמַּלְאָךְ הַדּוֹבֵר אֵלֶיהָ בְּדִקְדּוּק הַזְּמַן.
ויעש…כאשר דבר, and G'd did for Sarah as He had foretold. The reason that the Torah repeats "He did" is explained in Tanchuma on our verse. When the angel had announced the impending birth by saying "כעת חיה," he had made an incision on the wall to mark the exact time of day the baby would be born, i.e. when the sun would hit that line. The Torah here confirms that the birth took place exactly as predicted.
4עוֹד יְכַוֵּן הַכָּתוּב עַל פִּי מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי בְּפָסוּק (בראשית י״ח:י׳) ״בֵּן לְשָׂרָה אִשְׁתֶּךָ״ שֶׁבָּא מִצַּד הַנְּקֵבָה, וּלְסִבָּה זוֹ הֻצְרַךְ לָעֲקֵדָה. וְיָדוּעַ הוּא כִּי זוֹ הִיא סִבַּת מִיתַת שָׂרָה, וּלְפִי מַה שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי כִּי הִקְפִּיד ה׳ עַל צְחִיקַת שָׂרָה וְקִיֵּם הַגְּזֵרָה שֶׁלֹּא תֵּלֵד שָׂרָה אֶלָּא בֵּן מִסִּטְרָא דְּנוּקְבָא, כְּאָמְרוֹ (בראשית י״ז:י״ט) ״אֲבָל שָׂרָה אִשְׁתְּךָ יוֹלֶדֶת״. לָזֶה אָמַר וַיַּעַשׂ ה׳ לְשָׂרָה כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר, וְיָדוּעַ הוּא כִּי הַדִּבּוּר קָשֶׁה, וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יְלָדַתּוֹ שָׁלֵם בַּשְּׁלֵמוּת הַצָּרִיךְ, וְנִתְגַּלְגְּלוּ הַדְּבָרִים וְנִפְטְרָה שָׂרָה מִסִּבָּה זוֹ. וּלְדֶרֶךְ זֶה קִיּוּם הַהַבְטָחָה עַל הַשְּׂרִיטָה שֶׁשָּׂרַט לָהּ הַמַּלְאָךְ נִרְמְזָה בַּפָּסוּק שֶׁאַחֲרֵי זֶה דִּכְתִיב ״לַמּוֹעֵד אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֹתוֹ״ וְגוֹ׳.
The verse also reports something we have explained on 18,10 and again on 17,19, namely that the son Sarah bore originated in the female (negative) side of the emanations. This in turn was the reason Isaac needed to submit to the binding on the altar, something that resulted in Sarah's death. The word דבר always refers to speech containing some harsh element. The Torah therefore uses it when it wants us to note that the birth of Isaac was not something that was perfect. He had to undergo a process of refinement as a result of which he could become holy. When the Torah says ויעש ה׳ לשרה כאשר דבר, this really means that "G'd did to Sarah as He had foretold." Isaac was born in response to Sarah's prayer, not in response to Abraham's.
כ"א:ב׳ וַתַּהַר֩ וַתֵּ֨לֶד שָׂרָ֧ה לְאַבְרָהָ֛ם בֵּ֖ן לִזְקֻנָ֑יו לַמּוֹעֵ֕ד אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר אֹת֖וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים׃
21:2 Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken.
21:2 And Sarah conceived, and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.
כ"א:ב׳ וְעַדִּיאַת וִילִידַת שָׂרָה לְאַבְרָהָם בַּר לְסִיבְתוֹהִי לִזְמַן דִּי מַלִּיל יָתֵיהּ יְיָ:
כ"א:ב׳ אור החיים
1וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד שָׂרָה לְאַבְרָהָם בֵּן. אָמַר ״וַתַּהַר״ יִתְבָּאֵר עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרָם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בראשית רבה נג:ה) בֵּית מַטְרִין לֹא הָיָה לָהּ, לָזֶה מוֹדִיעַ כִּי הָיָה נֵס גַּם בַּהֵרָיוֹן. וְאָמְרוֹ לְאַבְרָהָם רָמַז בֵּן זֶה לְאַבְרָהָם וְלֹא יִשְׁמָעֵאל לְאַבְרָהָם, כִּי לֹא יִקָּרֵא שְׁמוֹ בֶּן אַבְרָהָם, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית כא:יב) ״כִּי בְיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא לְךָ זָרַע״. וַהֲגַם שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (בראשית טז:טו) ״וַתֵּלֶד הָגָר לְאַבְרָם בֵּן״, שָׁם נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ אַבְרָם, אֲבָל אַחַר שֶׁנֶּעֱקַר שֵׁם אַבְרָם שֶׁלֹּא יִזָּכֵר עוֹד שֵׁם זֶה עָלָיו אֶלָּא אַבְרָהָם, יִשְׁמָעֵאל אֵין לוֹ לִיקָּרֵא בֶּן אַבְרָהָם. וְאוּלַי כִּי לָזֶה הַקּוֹרֵא לְאַבְרָהָם אַבְרָם עוֹבֵר בַּעֲשֵׂה (ברכות י״ג), טַעַם הַקְפָּדָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ כִּי כְּשֶׁיִּקָּרֵא לוֹ אַבְרָם מְיַחֵס אֵלָיו יִשְׁמָעֵאל לְבֵן, וַה׳ אָמַר ״כִּי בְיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא לְךָ זָרַע״, וְאֵין זֶה אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁיֵּעָקֵר שֵׁם אַבְרָם. וְטַעַם זֶה אֵינוֹ בְּיַעֲקֹב, לָזֶה הֲגַם שֶׁנִּקְרָא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין קְפֵידָא שֶׁיִּקָּרֵא יַעֲקֹב. וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי בְּפָסוּק (בראשית לה:י) ״לֹא יִקָּרֵא״ וְגוֹ׳ וְתִמְצָא טַעַם אַחֵר:
ותהר ותלד שרה לאברהם בן. Sarah became pregnant and bore a son for Abraham. The Torah needed to mention the pregnancy because we had learned that Sarah did not have a womb. This shows that G'd performed an additional miracle for her (Bereshit Rabbah 53,5). The reason the Torah underlines לאברהם is to make it clear that only this son is to be viewed as an extension of Abraham, not Ishmael, as we read later in 21,12. Even though the Torah described Hagar as bearing a son "for Abraham" (16,15), the fact is that at that time Abraham was still called Abram. Once his name was changed, Abraham was no longer to be referred to by his original name. This means inter alia that Ishmael was not a son of Abraham. Perhaps the statement in Berachot 13 that someone who calls Abraham Abram is guilty of violating a positive commandment is precisely for that reason. Our sages do not want Ishmael characterised as a son of Abraham. Such considerations did not apply to Jacob whose name was changed to Israel as he could comfortably identify with all his sons. I have written some more about this subject on 35,10.
2לִזְקֻנָיו. טַעַם הַהוֹדָעָה, גַּם אָמְרוֹ לִזְקֻנָיו וְלֹא אָמַר לְזִקְנָתוֹ, לְמַה שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ כִּי הָיָה חָסֵר בְּעֵת הַלֵּידָה נֶפֶשׁ מֵעוֹלָם הָעֶלְיוֹן לְהוֹלִיד, וְלֹא הָיְתָה לוֹ אֶלָּא מֵעָלְמָא דְּנוּקְבָּא. יְכַוֵּין הַכָּתוּב כִּי יָלְדָה אָז, וְגַם יָלְדָה בּוֹ הֲכָנַת לֵידָה אַחֶרֶת לְזִקְנָה שֵׁנִית שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם, כִּי יֵשׁ לְךָ לָדַעַת כִּי מִן הַהֶחְלֵט הוּא לְהַשִּׂיג אָדָם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה דָּבָר חָדָשׁ אִם לֹא יַקְדִּים הֲכָנַת הַמְקַבֵּל, כַּיָּדוּעַ לְחַכְמֵי אֱמֶת. וְאִם לֹא הָיְתָה לְיִצְחָק אֶלָּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ שֶׁמֵּעָלְמָא דְּנוּקְבָּא וְהָיָה חָסֵר הֲכָנַת הַקַּבָּלַת נֶפֶשׁ מֵעָלְמָא דִּדְכוּרָא, לֹא תוֹעִיל לוֹ הָעֲקֵדָה. וְזֶה הוּא שֶׁדִּקְדֵּק לוֹמַר וַתֵּלֶד וְגוֹ׳, הוֹדִיעַ שֶׁיָּלְדָה לִשְׁנֵי זְמַנֵּי זִקְנָתוֹ: הָא׳ הוּא עֵת לֵידָתוֹ, וְהַב׳ הִיא הֲכָנָה לְעֵת זִקְנָה אַחֶרֶת שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהוּא זְמַן הָעֲקֵדָה.
לזקוניו. In his old age. The Torah adds this word and does not content itself with the more appropriate לזקנתו, because, as I wrote earlier, there was an element of the divine soul missing in Isaac at the time he was born. Isaac had only been equipped with a soul which originated in the female emanations. The repetition of the words denoting birth in verses 2 and 3, are an allusion to the eventual birth of another soul during another stage of Abraham's old age. [לזקוניו, literally: "in his old ages." Ed.] In order for someone in this world to receive something, such as an additional dimension to his soul, it is essential that the one from whom the something new is imparted has prepared himself suitably prior to imparting it. This is a concept that kabbalists are familiar with. If Isaac had possessed only the "female" soul at the time of the עקדה, the fact that he himself was ready to receive an additional soul would not have sufficed. The Torah wrote here ותלד…לזקוניו, to indicate she gave birth "twice." When Abraham offered his son on the altar this was his preparation for the "second" birth of Isaac.
3אוֹ יִרְמוֹז לִזְקֻנָיו – זִקְנָתוֹ וְזִקְנַת אִשְׁתּוֹ, עַל דֶּרֶךְ אָמְרוֹ ״אַחֲרֵי בְלוֹתִי וְגוֹ׳ וַאדֹנִי זָקֵן״ (בראשית יח:יב).
A simpler explanation of the plural לזקוניו, would see in that word the old age of both Isaac's father and mother respectively. This would reflect Sarah's having spoken about both אחרי בלותי…ואדני זקן (18,12).
כ"א:ג׳ וַיִּקְרָ֨א אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶֽת־שֶׁם־בְּנ֧וֹ הַנּֽוֹלַד־ל֛וֹ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָה־לּ֥וֹ שָׂרָ֖ה יִצְחָֽק׃
21:3 Abraham gave his newborn son, whom Sarah had borne him, the name of Isaac.
21:3 And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac.
כ"א:ג׳ וּקְרָא אַבְרָהָם יָת שׁוּם בְּרֵיהּ דְּאִתְיְלִיד לֵיהּ דִּילִידַת לֵיהּ שָׂרָה יִצְחָק:
כ"א:ג׳ אור החיים
1בְּנוֹ הַנּוֹלַד לוֹ אֲשֶׁר וְגוֹ׳. פֵּרוּשׁ: לֶהֱיוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בֵּן אַחֵר שֶׁהוּא יִשְׁמָעֵאל, לָזֶה אָמַר ״הַנּוֹלַד לוֹ״ לְדָבָר הַנָּאוֹת לוֹ לְהִקָּרְאוֹת עָלָיו לְתַכְלִית תַּאֲוָתוֹ, מַה שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר הַכָּתוּב כֵּן בְּלֵידַת יִשְׁמָעֵאל. וְאוֹמֵר אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה לּוֹ שָׂרָה, רָמַז לְמַה שֶׁהָיוּ מִתְפַּלְּלִין תָּמִיד: אַבְרָהָם הָיָה אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַזֶּרַע שֶׁלִּי יִהְיֶה מִצַּדֶּקֶת זוֹ, וְשָׂרָה גַּם הִיא וְכוּ׳, כְּנֶגֶד תְּפִלָּתָהּ אָמַר ״יָלְדָה לּוֹ״, וּכְנֶגֶד תְּפִלָּתוֹ אָמַר ״שָׂרָה״.
בנו הנולד לו, His son who had been born to him. Inasmuch as Abraham had another son, Ishmael, the Torah records here that Abraham stressed that this was the son who was fit to bear his name and who would fulfil the aspirations he had for him. No such comment is recorded at the time Ishmael was born. The Torah's addition אשר ילדה לו שרה, whom Sarah bore for him, is an allusion to the fact that both had constantly prayed. Abraham had asked that all his descendants should be issue of his righteous wife Sarah, whereas Sarah had also prayed to be the mother of all of Abraham's children. The word שרה refers to her prayer, whereas the words אשר ילדה לו, refer to Abraham's prayer.
2עוֹד יִרְצֶה לָתֵת טַעַם לִקְרִיאַת שְׁמוֹ יִצְחָק, לְצַד שֶׁיָּלְדָה הַזְּקֵנָה לַזָּקֵן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (בראשית כא:ו) ״צְחֹק עָשָׂה לִי״ וְגוֹ׳:
Another reason for this nuance is that the name יצחק, i.e. joy, reflects the fact that an old woman had given a son to an old man. Sarah spelled this out in greater detail in verse 6.
כ"א:ד׳ וַיָּ֤מָל אַבְרָהָם֙ אֶת־יִצְחָ֣ק בְּנ֔וֹ בֶּן־שְׁמֹנַ֖ת יָמִ֑ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֖וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים׃
21:4 And when his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as God had commanded him.
21:4 And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him.
כ"א:ד׳ וּגְזַר אַבְרָהָם יָת יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ בַּר תְּמַנְיָא יוֹמִין כְּמָא דִי פַקִּיד יָתֵיהּ יְיָ:

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